Table 1.
Well-documented shortcomings of public involvement and their possible negative effects in the health and social care field. In grey, the factors/outcomes revealed by the analysis of co-production processes
| ANTECEDENT BARRIERS | PROCESS BARRIERS | NEGATIVE EFFECTS |
|---|---|---|
| Citizens | Team (Citizens and Researchers/Providers) | Citizens |
| Lack of competences [15, 20, 22–25] | Conflicts [22, 26] | Damage to ethics obligations [27] |
| Lack of trust [26, 28–30] | Different culture [26, 28, 29] | |
| Lack of training of citizens [21, 27, 31–33] | Different opinions and strong personalities [34] | Damage relationship [35] |
| Lack of citizens’ motivation [24, 31] | Lack of feedback exchange [34] | Additional burden on citizens [1] |
| Lack of healthy and cognitive condition [1] | Lack of attention to individual needs [21] | Fatigue to participate [1] |
| Being frail/with severe illness [1] | Tokenism [22] | Citizens felt compelled and disempowered [22] |
| Lack (or perceived) of power [1, 22, 23, 28, 34–36] | Usage of technical language [22] | Increasing inequalities [24] |
| Lack of citizens’ financial compensation [21, 37] | Low citizens’ satisfaction toward results [24] | |
| Citizens speaking different languages [25] | ||
| Low citizens’ awareness [24] | ||
| Researchers/Providers | Researchers/Providers | |
| Lack of skilled facilitator [35] | Damage research careers [35] | |
| Lack of motivation [1, 15, 31] | Damage research credibility [35] | |
| Lack of competences [35, 36] | Damage relationship [35] | |
| Perceived lack of citizens’ competences [1] | Misrepresent findings [27] | |
| Additional fatigue [38] | ||
| System | System | System |
| Lack of resources [1, 27] | Misuse of resources [15] | Overuse/underuse of resources [15] |
| Lack of time [25, 29, 37] | Lack of transparency [21, 23, 34] | Damage interpersonal relationship [27] |
| Lack of funding [34] | Unreliable and unsatisfied results [24] | |
| Complexity of the network [20] | Additional costs & effort [24] | |
| Initiatives’ project related [1, 26] | ||
| Lack of inclusion of marginalized citizens [35, 39] | ||
| Does not clarify expectations [1, 21, 36] | ||
| Does not clarify roles [1, 22] | ||
| Does not clarify purpose of involvement [22] | ||
| Mobility issues [20, 21, 28, 30, 35, 39] |