Table 3.
Association between air pollutants, meteorological factors and COVID-19 case numbers.
| Climatic variables | Estimate (%)a | 95% CI (%) | p-value | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-day MA | ||||
| PM2.5 | 0.059 (6.13) | 0.0058 (0.59) to 0.11 (12.0) | 0.030 | 0.033 |
| NO2 | 0.16 (17.5) | 0.14 (14.5) to 0.19 (20.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PSI | 0.11 (11.7) | 0.089 (9.31) to 0.13 (14.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PM10 | −0.44 (−35.3) | −0.48 (−38.2) to −0.39 (−32.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| O3 | −0.18 (−16.8) | −0.20 (−18.5) to −0.16 (−15.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SO2 | −1.18 (−69.3) | −1.32 (−73.4) to −1.04 (−64.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| COc | −0.28 (−24.7) | −0.31 (−26.5) to −0.26 (−22.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Temperature | 0.13 (14.1) | 0.12 (12.4) to 0.15 (15.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rainfallb | −0.068 (−6.56) | −0.077 (−7.42) to −0.059 (−5.68) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Humidityb | −0.0063 (−0.63) | −0.041 (−4.04) to 0.029 (2.89) | 0.72 | 0.72 |
| 15-day MA | ||||
| PM2.5 | 0.20 (22.6) | 0.11 (12.0) to 0.29 (34.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| NO2 | 0.30 (34.8) | 0.26 (29.3) to 0.34 (40.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PSI | 0.30 (35.0) | 0.26 (29.7) to 0.34 (40.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PM10 | −0.76 (−53.5) | −0.83 (−56.3) to −0.70 (−50.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| O3 | −0.36 (−30.3) | −0.40 (−33.1) to −0.32 (−27.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SO2 | −1.80 (−83.5) | −2.00 (−86.5) to −1.61 (−80.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| COc | −0.38 (−31.3) | −0.41 (−33.5) to −0.34 (−29.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Temperature | 0.25 (28.6) | 0.22 (25.0) to 0.28 (32.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rainfallb | −0.089 (−8.50) | −0.10 (−9.54) to −0.077 (−7.45) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Humidityb | −0.29 (−24.8) | −0.39 (−32.0) to −0.19 (−16.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CI: Confidence Interval, MA: Moving Average, NO2: nitrogen dioxide, SO2: sulphur dioxide, CO: carbon monoxide, O3: ozone, PSI: pollutant standards index, PM2.5: particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, PM10: particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less, FDR: False discovery rate using Benjamini & Hochberg.
a
Models were adjusted for humidity, rainfall and day of week.
b
Models were adjusted for humidity, rainfall and day of week unless the variable was the exposure of interest in the analysis.
c
Estimates for CO are shown as a percentage change for a 0.01 mg/m3 increase in CO.