Table 1.
Expression, clinical significance, and biological functions of VIRMA in various cancers
| Cancer type | Expression | Clinical significance | Biological functions | Methodology | In vivo or in vitro | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Upregulated (46 pairs) | Oncogene | Proliferation, metastasis, tumorigenesis | mRNA high-throughput sequencing; RIP-seq; m6A dot blot assay; mRNA FISH; mRNA stability analysis; | In vivo and in vitro | [20] |
| Upregulated (1109 BRC tissues and 113 normal breast tissues from TCGA; TMA containing 20 BRC specimens and 20 normal breast tissue specimens) | – | – | TMA cohorts; Immunohistochemical staining; Immunofluorescence assay | – | [42] | |
| Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] | |
| Liver cancer | Upregulated (70 pairs) | Oncogene | Cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis, cell apoptosis resistance | RNA-seq; RIP-seq; MeRIP-seq | In vivo and in vitro | [29] |
| Upregulated (371 liver cancer tissues and 50 normal liver tissues from TCGA) | Oncogene | Cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion | MeRIP-PCR | In vitro | [43] | |
| Upregulated (374 HCC and 50 normal tissues from TCGA; 243 HCC and 202 normal tissues from ICGC) | Oncogene | – | – | – | [45] | |
| Gastric cancer | Upregulated (20 pairs) | Oncogene | Proliferation | Dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay; RIP; RNA-seq | In vivo and in vitro | [30] |
| Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] | |
| Kidney cancer | Upregulated | Oncogene | – | – | – | [44] |
| – | – | – | – | [41] | ||
| Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma | Downregulated (289 kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma and 32 normal kidney samples from the TCGA database) | – | – | – | – | [49] |
| Bladder cancer | – | Oncogene | – | – | – | [44] |
| No difference (408 bladder cancer patients from TCGA) | Oncogene | – | – | – | [48] | |
| Prostate cancer | Upregulated (TCGA + GTEx, 492 prostate adenocarcinoma and 152 adjacent normal specimens) | Oncogene | Proliferation, metastasis | RNA methylation quantification; immunofluorescence Analysis; RT2 lncRNA PCR Array Human Cancer PathwayFinder; N6-methyladenosine immunoprecipitation | In vitro | [58] |
| Upregulated | – | – | – | – | [44] | |
| Testicular cancer | Upregulated | Oncogene | – | qRT-PCR; Immunohistochemistry | In vitro | [32] |
| Upregulated | Oncogene | – | – | – | [44] | |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | TCGA | – | – | – | – | [31] |
| Osteosarcoma | Upregulated | Oncogene | Proliferation, invasion, and migration | Tissue microarray (TMA) construction and immunohistochemistry (IHC); dual luciferase reporter gene assay | In vivo and in vitro | [50] |
| Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Colon adenocarcinoma | Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Rectum adenocarcinoma | Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | Upregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma | Downregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Thyroid carcinoma | Downregulated (~ 7400 samples representing 11 cancer types) | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| papillary thyroid carcinoma | Downregulated (499 tumor tissues and 58 normal thyroid carcinoma) | Tumor suppressor gene | – | – | – | [52] |
| Ovarian cancer | Downregulated (TCGA, 370 ovarian cancer tissues and 88 normal tissues) | – | – | – | – | [51] |