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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2021 Jan 9;76:102424. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102424

Table A5.

Marginal Impact of HDHP Offer on Spending Using Individual Fixed Effects.

Sample: Continuously enrolled the entire observation period Outpatient Imaging Laboratory
Low-Value Total Low-Value Total Low-Value Total
Dif-in-Dif (Δ$) −5.93***
(1.88)		 −141.40***
(41.38)		 −4.35**
(1.62)		 −50.11***
(16.73)		 −1.80**
(0.70)		 −28.38***
(9.65)
Dif-in-Dif (Δ%) −0.16***
(0.05)		 −0.07***
(0.02)		 −0.20**
(0.08)		 −0.19***
(0.06)		 −0.29**
(0.12)		 −0.17***
(0.06)
Mean Costs 37.31 2184.42 22.19 273.28 6.96 176.73
Observations 6891863 6891863 6891863 6891863 6891863 6891863
Individual Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Covariates Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
***

p < 0.01,

**

p < 0.05,

*

p < 0.10.

Unit of observation is person-year. Model used is a fixed effects regression using Stata’s ‘areg’ command. Average marginal effects using the ‘dydx’ option of the ‘margins’ command for the row labelled (Δ$) and ‘eydx’ for the row labelled for the row labelled (Δ%) are presented. Individual fixed effects are used instead of firm fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the firm level.