Table 1.
General characteristics of T2DM and the controls
| T2DM (n = 389) | Control (n = 178) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)* | 51.83 ± 12.70 | 47.03 ± 11.47 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male/female) | 245/144 (62.98/37.02) | 103/75 (57.87/42.13) | 0.196 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 24.23 ± 4.38 | 23.86 ± 2.99 | 0.241 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL)* | 20.53 ± 5.46 | 24.85 ± 5.97 | <0.001 |
| UIC (μg/L)* | 158.6 ± 92.46 | 212.15 ± 86.65 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L)* | 10.87 ± 3.69 | 5.54 ± 0.87 | <0.001 |
| Fructoseamine (mmol/L)* | 3.27 ± 0.74 | 2.21 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%)* | 9.61 ± 2.61 | 5.3 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| C peptide (μg/L)* | 2.19 ± 1.13 | 2.19 ± 0.7 | 0.977 |
| TC (mmol/L)* | 5.31 ± 1.33 | 4.73 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L)* | 2.06 ± 1.44 | 1.47 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L)* | 3.38 ± 1.08 | 3.03 ± 0.71 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L)* | 1.12 ± 0.28 | 1.32 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L)* | 75.89 ± 30.95 | 85.99 ± 18.82 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L)* | 3.59 ± 1.57 | 3.29 ± 2.68 | 0.106 |
| FT4 (ng/mL)* | 0.98 ± 0.47 | 1.22 ± 0.69 | <0.001 |
| FT3 (μg/dL)* | 5.04 ± 1.00 | 5.22 ± 0.98 | 0.039 |
| TSH (uIU/mL)* | 2.22 ± 1.74 | 1.29 ± 0.85 | <0.001 |
| TPO-antibody positivity | 36 (11.69) | 6 (4.48) | 0.028 |
| TR-antibody positivity | 40 (12.99) | 1 (0.75) | <0.001 |
| TG-antibody positivity | 19 (6.17) | 0 (0.0) | 0.007 |
| Thyroglobulin (μg/L)* | 15.39 ± 18.57 | 9.49 ± 5.92 | <0.001 |
| Sea food (fish, crab, and shrimp) | |||
| Frequent | 68 (17.48) | 48 (26.96) | 0.006 |
| Occasional | 288 (74.04) | 130 (73.04) | |
| Never | 33 (8.48) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Cow’s milk | |||
| Frequent | 23 (5.91) | 1 (0.56) | <0.001 |
| Occasional | 148 (38.05) | 148 (83.15) | |
| Never | 218 (56.04) | 29 (16.29) | |
| Iodized salt | |||
| Yes | 170 (43.70) | 74 (41.57) | 0.635 |
| No | 219 (56.30) | 104 (58.43) | |
| Sampling season | |||
| Summer | 205 (52.70) | 79 (44.38) | 0.066 |
| Fall | 184 (47.30) | 99 (55.62) | |
Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentage (%). Continuous variables presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) are marked with asterisk (*).