TABLE 2.

Human, animal and in vitro proteomic studies

Reference	Study type	Periodontal condition	Sample type	Microbial species	Findings
Bostanci et al (2018)32	Human	Healthy, gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis	Saliva		Increased MMP9, ras-related protein, actin
					Decreased clusterin, malignant brain tumor proteins
Marinho et al (2018)31	Human	Chronic periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Increased RGNEF, S100A8, S100A9, immunoglobulins
					Decreased actins, MARCKS, glutathione transferase
Batschkus et al (2018)33	Human	Chronic periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation increased protein identification by 32%
Belstrom et al (2016)34	Human	Periodontitis	Saliva		Increased complement and coagulation cascades
Monari et al (2015)35	Human	Periodontitis	Periodontal pocket tissue		Increased S100A9, HSPB1, LEG 7, and 14-3-3
Trindade et al (2015)36	Human	Chronic periodontitis	Saliva		Increased metalloproteases, MMP9
Bertoldi et al (2013)40	Human	Periodontitis	Periodontal pocket tissue		Increased annexin A2, actin cytoplasmic 1, carbonic anhydrase 1&2, immunoglobulin kappa chain C region and flavinreductase Decreased 14-3-3, heat-shock protein, triosephosphateisomerase, peroxiredoxin, fatty acid binding protein, galetin 7
Salazar et al (2013)39	Human	Periodontitis	Saliva		20 proteins increased by 1.5-fold
Silva-Boghossian et al (2013)37	Human	Chronic periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		43 proteins only detected in periodontitis: 10 for cell differentiation, 3 for cell organization, 1 for coagulation, 8 for immune response, 9 for metabolism, 8 for signal transduction, 2 for transport, 2 no specific function
Baliban et al (2012)41	Human	Chronic periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Human proteins: neutrophil defensin, carbonic anhydrase, elongation factor
					Bacterial proteins: 33 kDa, iron uptake, phosphorenolpyruvate carboxylase, ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, coenzyme A transferase
Carneiro et al (2012)29	Human	Healthy	Gingival crevicular fluid		In healthy proteome data, 57% of proteins can be defined in plasma, 43% in gingival crevicular fluid uniquely
Range etal (2012)38	Human	Periodontitis in obesity	Saliva		Increased albumin, hemoglobins, defensin (defensin uniquely in obesity and periodontitis)
Choi et al (2011)43	Human	Moderate periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Increased azurocidin
Goncalves et al (2010)47	Human	Gingivitis	Saliva		Increased serum albumin, hemoglobulin, immunoglobulin, keratin
Heo et al (2011)45	Human	Healthy, gingivitis, moderate periodontitis, severe periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Increased S100A2, S100A8, S100A9
Mizuno et al (2011)46	Human	Aggressive periodontitis, chronic periodontitis	Blood (neutrophils)		Increased lactoferrin, caldesmon, heat-shock protein and stac
Bostanci et al (2010)48	Human	Generalized aggressive periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Increased PMNs, MMP8, cathepsin, myeloperoxidase
Goncalves et al (2010)47	Human	Gingivitis	Saliva		Increased albumin, hemoglobin and immunoglobulin Decreased cystatin
Haigh et al (2010)49	Human	Severe periodontitis	Saliva		Increased S100A8, S100A9, S100A6, haptoglobin, prolactin, parotid secretory protein
Bostanci et al (2018)30	Primates	Chronic periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Cp40 downregulated periodontitis-related proteins: C09, C05, C03, CFAH, C08B, IC1, C04A, IGHM, IGHA2, IGHG1, C07
Davis et al (2016)65	Canine	Progression from gingivitis to mild periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Increased haptoglobin
Huynh etal(2015)61	Canine	Healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis	Gingival crevicular fluid		Increased complement, immunoglobulins, keratin, fibronectin, lactotransferrin, 14-3-3, defensin, actin
					Decreased cystatin
Veith et al (2018)66	In vitro			P. gingivalis	In heme limitation: binding and transporting heme proteins were increased
					In heme excess: heme efflux proteins were increased
Bao et al (2017)68	In vitro			A. actinomycetemcomitans	Increased ribosomal origin, proteolysis, carbon metabolism, iron transport
Bengtsson et al (2017)69	In vitro			P. gingivalis	PLNC8 increased growth factors, cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis
Llama-Palacios et al (2017)67	In vitro			A. actinomycetemcomitans	Increased YeaT, FtsZ, OMP39, OMP18/16, chaperone, OMPA, adenyldate kinase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase
Kieselbach et al (2015)73	In vitro			A. actinomycetemcomitans	Outer membrane proteins activate innate immunity through NOD active pathogen pathways
Stobernacket al (2016)70	In vitro			P. gingivalis	Increased citrullinating enzymes to target bacterial and human proteins
Preiano et al (2016)71	In vitro			Healthy biofilm	Decreased HNP-3, S100A8, S100A9 in health, suggesting S100A as a diagnostic biomarker
Bao et al (2015)72	In vitro			Complex	Increased cytoskeletal, stress, apoptosis, antigen presentation, biofilm lysate proteins
Bostanci et al (2015)74	In vitro			Complex	Increased inflammation and apoptosis Decreased tissue turnover
Kieselbach et al (2015)73	In vitro			A. actinomycetemcomitans	Increased LtxA, putative virulence-related proteins
Ogita etal (2015)75	In vitro			Healthy biofilm	Increased galectin-7 for wound healing after laser treatment
Veith et al (2018)66	In vitro			P. gingivalis	Increased CTD proteins and virulence factors at the outer membrane
Cogo et al (2012)80	In vitro			P. gingivalis	After exposure to nicotine, increased phosphormannomutase, spot, OxyR, rubrerythrin, RagA, prostaglandin 50, aminopeotidase, peptidase, elongation factor, RRF, Rho
Kishi et al (2012)77	In vitro			P. gingivalis	Increased prostaglandin N0743, prostaglandin N0876, prostaglandin N1513, and prostaglandin N0729
Zainal-Abidin et al (2012)79	In vitro			Complex- P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia	Increased HusA, HusB
					Decreased HmuY
Zijnge etal (2012)78	In vitro			A. actinomycetemcomitans	Increased extracellular virulence proteins
Pham et al (2010)81	In vitro			T. forsythia	Increased lipoproteins, TonB, oxidative stress response
					Decreased butyrate, pyruvate, metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, trichloroacetic acid cycle

14-3-3, 14-3-3 protein; CFAH, complement factor H; CO3, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3; CO5 complement component C5; CO7 complement component C7, complement component C7 precursor; CO9 complement component C9a; CO4A complement component C4-A; CO8B complement component C8 beta chain; CTD, C-terminal domain; FtsZ cell division protein stands for “Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z”; IC1 plasma protease C1 inhibitor; HmuY a novel heme-binding protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis, stands for “hemin utilization protein”; HNP-3, neutrophil defensing 3; HSPB1, heat shock protein family B; HusA Hemin uptake system protein A; HusB Hemin uptake system protein B; IGHA2, immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2; IGHG1, immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1; IGHM, immunoglobulin heavy constant mu; LEG 7 Galectin 7; LtxA, leukotoxin; MARCKS, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate; MMP-8, neutrophil collagenase; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; NOD nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; OMP18/16, outer membrane protein 18/16; OMP39, outer membrane protein 39; OMPA outer membrane protein A; OxyR redox-sensitive transcriptional activator, PLNC8, plantaricin NC8; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; RagA transport and binding activity RagA protein, Ras-related GTP-binding protein A; RGNEF, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 28; RRF, ribosome releasing factor; S100A protein S100A; S100A2, protein S100-A2; S100A6, protein S100-A6; S100A8, protein S100-A8; S100A9, protein S100-A9; TonB, protein TonB; YeaT.