Figure 1.

Possible mechanisms of action for emerging and novel treatments of keloids.

1 = Anti-hypertensive pharmaceuticals; 2 = Botulinum toxin A; 3 = Calcineurin inhibitors; 4 = Doxorubicin; 5 = Electrical stimulation; 6 = Microneedle physical contact; 7 = Extracorporeal shockwave therapy; 8 = Fat grafting; 9 = Stem cell therapy; 10 = Imidazoquinolines; 11 = Interferons; 12 = Tamoxifen; 13 = RNA-based therapies; TGF-β = transforming growth factor beta; α-SMA= alpha-smooth muscle actin; ECM = extracellular matrix; IGF = insulin-like growth factor; IFN-α = interferon-alpha.