Table 1.
Sample characteristics (n = 324 485)
| Variable | Overall | White | Black | Asian | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline (Index Date = January 1, 2011) | |||||
| Age cohort, col.% | |||||
| Age 73 at baseline | 13.95% | 14.07% | 13.07% | 13.21% | 10.96% |
| Age 72 at baseline | 15.08% | 15.21% | 14.18% | 12.92% | 13.17% |
| Age 71 at baseline | 15.38% | 15.39% | 15.18% | 15.51% | 15.30% |
| Age 70 at baseline | 16.57% | 16.50% | 17.09% | 17.08% | 18.00% |
| Age 69 at baseline | 18.00% | 17.90% | 18.72% | 19.37% | 18.99% |
| Age 68 at baseline | 21.03% | 20.92% | 21.77% | 21.91% | 23.57% |
| Total, row % | 100% | 90.04% | 7.33% | 1.49% | 1.14% |
| Female, col. % | 51.97% | 51.71% | 54.33% | 56.75% | 51.16% |
| Health status (Comorbidities), col.% | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 5.31% | 5.43% | 4.60% | 2.88% | 3.43% |
| Congestive heart failure | 11.64% | 11.22% | 17.05% | 9.71% | 11.87% |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 16.31% | 16.02% | 20.26% | 13.96% | 16.32% |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 17.59% | 17.55% | 19.11% | 15.66% | 14.08% |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 26.65% | 26.94% | 25.14% | 21.30% | 20.39% |
| Rheumatic disease | 5.47% | 5.40% | 6.18% | 5.10% | 6.50% |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 2.87% | 2.75% | 3.46% | 6.16% | 3.83% |
| Mild liver disease | 7.78% | 7.65% | 8.02% | 13.44% | 9.36% |
| Moderate to severe liver disease | 0.47% | 0.46% | 0.46% | 0.50% | 0.78% |
| Diabetes without complications | 29.99% | 28.70% | 42.97% | 38.37% | 37.01% |
| Diabetes with complications | 9.32% | 8.57% | 17.34% | 11.08% | 14.78% |
| Paraplegia and hemiplegia | 1.37% | 1.28% | 2.46% | 1.41% | 1.51% |
| Renal disease | 8.81% | 8.24% | 15.86% | 8.48% | 9.25% |
| Cancer | 15.94% | 16.08% | 16.65% | 10.04% | 8.42% |
| Metastatic cancer | 2.28% | 2.28% | 2.55% | 1.85% | 1.38% |
| HIV/AIDS | 0.11% | 0.08% | 0.49% | 0.12% | 0.19% |
| During follow‐up (January 1, 2011 – December 31, 2014) | |||||
| Outcome, col. % | |||||
| Died | 8.18% | 8.05% | 10.14% | 6.08% | 8.70% |
| New dementia diagnosis | 4.69% | 4.55% | 6.67% | 3.60% | 4.96% |
| Censored (alive at last follow‐up) | 87.12% | 87.40% | 83.20% | 90.32% | 86.34% |
| AWV utilization, col.% | |||||
| 2011 | 8.74% | 9.11% | 5.47% | 6.68% | 3.34% |
| 2012 | 11.89% | 12.33% | 8.04% | 9.80% | 5.17% |
| 2013 | 14.79% | 15.29% | 10.33% | 12.63% | 7.35% |
| 2014 | 17.82% | 18.33% | 13.52% | 15.28% | 8.84% |
| During 2011 | |||||
| WMV utilization rate per 1000 eligible beneficiaries, mean (SD) | 26.19 (30.67) | 27.93 (32.98) | 14.58 (78.92) | 10.67 (60.70) | 6.83 (67.63) |
| Annual healthcare utilization mean (SD) | |||||
| Outpatient visits | 15.67 (16.81) | 15.86 (16.69) | 14.87 (18.29) | 12.05 (15.33) | 11.15 (16.43) |
| Inpatient stays | 0.23 (0.71) | 0.22 (0.71) | 0.28 (0.84) | 0.12 (0.51) | 0.18 (0.64) |
| Inpatient days | 1.17 (5.46) | 1.14 (5.33) | 1.65 (7.13) | 0.60 (3.78) | 1.02 (4.95) |
| County‐level demographic factors, mean (SD) | |||||
| Percent Non‐English‐speaking residents | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) |
| Proportion of FFS beneficiaries in county | 0.83 (0.23) | 0.83 (0.23) | 0.84 (0.23) | 0.68 (0.25) | 0.72 (0.22) |
| Percent Urban population in county | 74.97 (27.31) | 73.79 (27.52) | 83.56 (24.39) | 94.23 (11.87) | 90.42 (15.24) |
| County‐level socioeconomic factors | |||||
| Education—percent of area residents at level, mean (sd) | |||||
| Less than high school | 11.10 (7.89) | 9.32 (4.69) | 17.68 (6.62) | 14.68 (7.25) | 38.39 (9.42) |
| High school | 88.89 (7.93) | 90.68 (4.69) | 82.31 (6.66) | 85.28 (7.46) | 61.58 (9.45) |
| College | 29.58 (13.56) | 31.00 (12.95) | 18.07 (7.55) | 49.47 (13.19) | 12.78 (5.82) |
| Income, percent of residents at level, mean (SD) | |||||
| Less than $10 000 | 0.07 (0.04) | 5.84 (2.31) | 14.63 (5.68) | 6.56 (3.74) | 8.54 (4.31) |
| $10 000 to $14 999 | 0.05 (0.02) | 4.90 (1.87) | 8.56 (3.61) | 3.89 (2.81) | 6.66 (2.73) |
| $15 000 to $24 999 | 0.11 (0.04) | 10.13 (3.11) | 14.24 (4.42) | 7.49 (4.29) | 14.00 (3.51) |
| $25 000 to $49 999 | 0.24 (0.05) | 23.39 (5.02) | 26.16 (4.51) | 17.51 (6.42) | 28.88 (4.43) |
| $50 000 to $99 999 | 0.31 (0.04) | 31.29 (3.30) | 24.43 (6.03) | 29.03 (6.26) | 28.35 (4.61) |
| $100 000 or greater | 0.23 (0.12) | 24.46 (11.38) | 11.95 (8.27) | 35.37 (12.10) | 13.58 (5.91) |
| Median home value ($100 000), mean (SD) | 2.05 (1.27) | 1.99 (1.21) | 2.08 (1.32) | 3.55 (1.80) | 2.59 (1.60) |
| Percent of dual‐eligible (medicare & Medicaid) Enrollees, mean (SD) | 21.31 (8.89) | 20.79 (8.49) | 24.33 (9.56) | 26.29 (11.61) | 29.40 (13.27) |
324 485 fee‐for‐service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries who were aged 68‐73 years in 2011, and had no evidence of a dementia diagnosis as of January 1, 2011 when the Annual Wellness Visit (AWV) was introduced. Utilization and health status measures are dervied from Medicare claims data. Socioeconomic measures are from the Area Health Resources File.
Abbreviation: WMV, Welcome to Medicare Visit.