Table 1.
General characteristics of participants (n = 2,886)
| Characteristic | Total (n = 2,886) | Men (n = 1,374) | Women (n = 1,512) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 76.0 ± 3.9 | 76.3 ± 3.9 | 75.7 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| Education, > 6 yr | 2,287 (79.5) | 1,247 (91.1) | 1,040 (68.8) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 523 (18.1) | 455 (33.1) | 68 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 1,180 (38.4) | 1,068 (77.7) | 40 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of spouse | 1,940 (67.2) | 1,229 (89.4) | 711 (47.0) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity, kcal/wk | 3,361.1 ± 4,100.8 | 4,291.4 ± 4,994.1 | 2,515.2 ± 2,818.2 | < 0.001 |
| No. of comorbidities | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| Activities of daily living | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 0.002 |
| Nutritional status, MNA score | 12.9 ± 1.5 | 12.9 ± 1.5 | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 0.328 |
| Cognitive function, MMSE score | 25.6 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 2.9 | 25.1 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Depressive status, GDS score | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 2.4 ± 3.2 | 3.8 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| Quality of life, EQ-5D score | 0.9± 0.1 | 0.9± 0.1 | 0.9± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 24.9 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
| Gait speed, m/sec | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Grip strength, kg | 26.3 ± 7.6 | 32.2 ± 6.0 | 20.9 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
| Timed up and go test, sec | 10.5 ± 2.8 | 10.2 ± 2.7 | 10.7 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
| Five-repetition sit-to-stand test, sec | 11.4 ± 4.0 | 10.7 ± 3.4 | 12.0 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
| CHS frailty scale | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| KFI score | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| mKFI score | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%). Alcohol consumption defined as three or more alcoholic drinks a week, and smoking defined as lifetime consumption of 100 or more cigarettes. Activities of daily living (range 7 to 21, increasingly worse), geriatric depression scale (range 0 to 15, increasingly worse).
MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; EQ-5D, Euro-Qol-5 dimensions; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; KFI, Korean Frailty Index; mKFI, modified Korean Frailty Index.