. 2020 Oct 1;56(2):275–288. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13561

TABLE 3.

Association between the supply of nonpharmacologic pain providers, use of nonpharmacologic services, and fill of an opioid prescription in Phase 2 of a pain episode and subgroup analysis for comparing metropolitan and rural counties

Variable	Full Cohort ^b			Metropolitan Counties ^b			Rural Counties ^b
Variable	Adjusted odds ratio	95% Confidence interval	P‐value	Adjusted odds ratio	95% Confidence interval	P‐value	Adjusted odds ratio	95% Confidence interval	P‐value
Mental Health Providers ^a	0.97	0.96, 0.98	<.0001	0.96	0.95, 0.98	<.0001	1.01	0.97, 1.04	.7441
Physical Therapists ^a	1.00^c	0.98, 1.01	.6048	0.99	0.97, 1.01	.3531	1.00 ^c	0.97, 1.03	.9793
Used Mental Health Services in Phase 1	1.20	0.97, 1.48	.0992	1.19	0.95, 1.49	.1349	1.32	0.68, 2.57	.4167
Used Physical Therapy in Phase 1	0.62	0.58, 0.67	<.0001	0.62	0.57, 0.68	<.0001	0.63	0.52, 0.76	<.0001
Opioid Prescription in Phase 1	4.18	3.95, 4.43	<.0001	4.18	3.93, 4.45	<.0001	4.19	3.68, 4.77	<.0001
Used Mental Health Services in Phase 2	1.00 ^c	0.79, 1.25	.9703	0.99	0.78, 1.27	.9547	1.16	0.58, 2.31	.6776
Used Physical Therapy in Phase 2	2.75	2.56, 2.96	<.0001	2.67	2.47, 2.89	<.0001	3.17	2.67, 3.76	<.0001

^{^a}

Providers per 10 000 people.

^{^b}

Adjusted for age, sex, race Medicaid Buy‐in, Deyo‐Charlson comorbidity score, anxiety, depression, trauma or surgery in Phase 1, trauma or surgery in Phase 2, county‐level measures (supply of primary care providers, surgeons, pain specialists, pharmacists, midlevel providers, proportion of population over 65, proportion of population under Federal poverty level), reason for censor (left fee‐for‐services or death before end of follow‐up), and index year. Full cohort model adjusts for metropolitan area. Score statistic for stratified analysis: 23.22, P‐value: .56).

^{^c}

1.00 in the confidence interval reflects rounding.