Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the mechanisms of OVs for cancer therapy.

OVs can directly destroy cancer cells (oncolysis) and tumor-associated endothelial cells, which leads to tumor mass reduction and vascular collapse. The killed tumor cells release DAMPs and tumor-associated antigens that are presented to T cells and induce anti-tumor immunity. Lastly, OVs can be armed to express different transgenes that target non-infected cells and improve immunovirotherapy.