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. 2021 Mar 4;12:592229. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.592229

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Copyright © 2021 Soattin, Borbas, Caldwell, Prendergast, Vohra, Saeed, Hoschtitzky, Yanni, Atkinson, Logantha, Borbas, Garratt, Morris and Dobrzynski.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HCN4 is present in the subsidiary atrial pacemaker (SAP) tissue. (A) The SAP tissue was double labeled for HCN4 (green) and Cx43 (red) proteins. The nodal-like cells are very distinct within the atrial muscle cells showing a strong HCN4 signal. The very tight contact among SAP and atrial cells is more pronounced in regions shown by the yellow arrows. (B) An adjacent section of SAP tissue was double labeled for NCX1 (green) and Cx43 (red). NCX1 labels all myocytes and highlights the region of nodal tissue, which has no red signal for Cx43. Note that in panel (B), Cx43 signal is brighter than panel (A) due to the use of a different antibody [rabbit in panel (B) rather than mouse in panel (A)].