Table 2.

Parameters, properties and applications of structureless plasmonic trapping platforms

	Modulation	Materials	Trap stiffness	Optical force/potential depth	Applications
Unfocused plasmonic field	Propagation	Polystyrene and gold		∼25 fN144	Particle transport145
	Stationary mode	Ag nanoparticles146 Ag core-Au shell147		−23 kBT373	Dynamic lithography146 Single-molecule SERS147
Focused plasmonic field	Polarization	Dielectric particle60 Gold particles, nanorods60,154,164 ZnO nanowires155	2.33 pN/μm164 0.0768 pN/μm91		SERS detection150,163 Fabrication of plasmonic devices
	Phase	Gold particles160,161		−22.7 kBT161	Plasmonic spanner
	Focal plane	Dielectric and gold particles65,163	~1.5 (a.u.)65		Particle sorting65