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. 2021 Mar 4;12:636644. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636644

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Copyright © 2021 Shariq, Quadir, Sharma, Singh, Sheikh, Khubaib, Hasnain and Ehtesham.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A schematic model of RipA depicting possible interaction of RipA with surface immune receptor TLR4 and emanating downstream cascades. After interaction with TLR4, RipA activates a downstream PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling pathway that ultimately culminates in the repression of autophagy and apoptosis. RipA recognition by TLR4 activates canonical NFκB signaling pathways and induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. RipA also inhibits the production of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes resulting in metabolic reprogramming.