Table 3.
Cytokine and chemokines differentially modulated in BM of db/db mice.
| Factor | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Ccl2 | C-C motif chemokine 2; Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes, but not neutrophils; Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family!!break (148 aa) |
| Ccl12 | C-C motif chemokine 12; Chemotactic factor that attracts eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes but not neutrophils. Potent monocyte active chemokine that signals through CCR2. Involved in allergic inflammation and the host response to pathogens and may play a pivotal role during early stages of allergic lung inflammation; Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family (104 aa) |
| Cccl11 | Eotaxin; In response to the presence of allergens, this protein directly promotes the accumulation of eosinophils (a prominent feature of allergic inflammatory reactions), but not lymphocytes, macrophages or neutrophils; Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine Cnterleukin-4; Participates in at least several B-cell activation processes as well as of other cell types. It is a costimulator of DNA-synthesis. It induces the expression of class II MHC molecules on resting B-cells. It enhances both secretion and cell surface expression of IgE and IgG1. It also regulates the expression of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (CD23) on both lymphocytes and monocytes. Positively regulates IL31R |
| Il4 | Interleukin-4; Participates in at least several B-cell activation processes as well as of other cell types. It is a costimulator of DNA-synthesis. It induces the expression of class II MHC molecules on resting B-cells. It enhances both secretion and cell surface expression of IgE and IgG1. It also regulates the expression of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (CD23) on both lymphocytes and monocytes. Positively regulates IL31R |
| Ccl3 | 3C-C motif chemokine 3; Monokine with inflammatory, pyrogenic and chemokinetic properties. Has a potent chemotactic activity for eosinophils. Binding to a high-affinity receptor activates calcium release in neutrophils; Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) fa |
| Il16 | Pro-interleukin-16; Interleukin-16 stimulates a migratory response in CD4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. Primes CD4+ T-cells for IL-2 and IL-15 responsiveness. Also induces T-lymphocyte expression of interleukin 2 receptor. Ligand for CD4 (1322 aa) |
| Timp1 | Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1; Metalloproteinase inhibitor that functions by forming one to one complexes with target metalloproteinases, such as collagenases, and irreversibly inactivates them by binding to their catalytic zinc cofactor. Acts on MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, and MMP16. Does not act on MMP14 (By similarity). Also functions as a growth factor that regulates cell differentiation, migration and cell death and activates cellular signaling cascades via CD63 and ITGB1. Plays a role in integrin signaling; Belongs to the protease |
| Csf1 | Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1; Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. Required for normal male |
| Csf2 | Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes (141 aa) |
| Ccl4 | C-C motif chemokine 4; Monokine with inflammatory and chemokinetic properties (92 aa) |
| Cxcl13 | C-X-C motif chemokine 13; Strongly chemotactic for B-lymphocytes, weakly for spleen monocytes and macrophages but no chemotactic activity for granulocytes. Binds to BLR1/CXCR5. May play a role in directing the migration of B-lymphocytes to follicles in secondary |
| Tnf | Tumor necrosis factor; Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation (235 aa) |
| Il17a | Interleukin-17A; Ligand for IL17RA. The heterodimer formed by IL17A and IL17F is a ligand for the heterodimeric complex formed by IL17RA and IL17RC (By similarity). Involved in inducing stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines (B) |
| Il1b | Interleukin-1 beta; Potent proinflammatory cytokine. Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B-cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production; Belongs to the IL-1 family (269 aa) |
| Il2 | Interleukin-2; Produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation, this protein is required for T-cell proliferation and other activities crucial to regulation of the immune response. Can stimulate B-cells, monocytes, lymphokine- activated killer cells, n |
| Cxcl1 | Growth-regulated alpha protein; Has chemotactic activity for neutrophils. Contributes to neutrophil activation during inflammation (By similarity). Hematoregulatory chemokine, which, in vitro, suppresses hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. KC(5-72) shows a highly enhanced hematopoietic activity; Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family (96 aa) |
| Gmcsf3 | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This CSF induces granulocytes; Belongs to the IL-6 superfamily (208 aa) |
| Trem | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; Stimulates neutrophil and monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses. Triggers release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as increased surface expression of cell activation markers. Amplifier of inflammatory responses that are triggered by bacterial and fungal infections and is a crucial mediator of septic shock (By similarity) (230 aa) |
| Ccl5 | C-C motif chemokine 5; Chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells and eosinophils. Causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. May activate several chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. May also be an agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR75. Together with GPR75, may play a role in neuron survival through activation of a downstream signaling pathway involving the PI3, Akt and MAP kinases. By activating GPR75 may also play a role in insulin secretion by islet cells (91 aa) |
| Cxxl10 | C-X-C motif chemokine 10; In addition to its role as a proinflammatory cytokine, may participate in T-cell effector function and perhaps T-cell development; Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family (98 aa) |
| Cxcr3 | C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3; Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 and mediates the proliferation, survival and angiogenic activity of mesangial cells through a heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway. Probably promotes cell chemotaxis |
| Cxcl2 | C-X-C motif chemokine 2; Chemotactic for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes but does not induce che |
| Ccl1 | C-C motif chemokine 1; Cytokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils; Belongs to the intercrine beta (chem) |
| Cxcl9 | C-X-C motif chemokine 9; May be a cytokine that affects the growth, movement, or activation state of cells that participate in immune and inflammatory response (126 aa) |
| Il23r | Interleukin-23 receptor; Associates with IL12RB1 to form the interleukin-23 receptor. Binds IL23 and mediates T-cells, NK cells and possibly certain macrophage/myeloid cells stimulation probably through activation of the Jak-Stat signaling cascade. IL23 functions in innate and adaptive immunity and may participate in acute response to infection in peripheral tissues. IL23 may be responsible for autoimmune inflammatory diseases and be important for tumorigenesis (By similarity) (659 aa) |
| Il7 | Interleukin-7; Hematopoietic growth factor capable of stimulating the proliferation of lymphoid progenitors. It is important for proliferation during certain stages of B-cell maturation (154 aa) |