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. 2021 Mar 18;38:101136. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101136

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Fig. 4 — Antiviral activity of a panel MXenes and TiO₂ nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vero E6 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (clade GR) in the presence of a panel of Mxenes A) Ta₄C₃T_x, B) Mo₂Ti₂C₃T_x and C) Nb₄C₃T_x at different material concentration. Viral copy numbers in cell culture supernatant were analyzed via qRT-PCR. D) TiO₂ nanoparticles were used as a comparative group. Vero E6 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (clade GR) in the presence of TiO₂. Viral copies in cell culture supernatant were analyzed via qRT-PCR. In order to evaluate the activity of non-Ti MXenes (Ta₄C₃T_x and Nb₄C₃T_x) in detail, Vero E6 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from E) clade S and F) clade “other” in the presence of materials at different concentration. Viral copy numbers in cell culture supernatant were analyzed via qRT-PCR. Statistical differences: *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001 compared to only virus group. Three independent samples were analyzed for each sample group.