FIGURE 1.

The pain integration hypothesis included two components: intensity and spatial evaluating modules. Intensity information is processed by a ventrally processing module involving the insula, bilateral portions of the prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. Spatial information is processed by a dorsally processing module that involves the posterior parietal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex takes participated in both intensity and spatial discrimination modules. PPC, posterior parietal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; INS, insula; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex.