TABLE 3.
Natural drugs used to treat epilepsy by regulating the concentration of ions.
| Natural drugs | Compounds | Chemical structure | Animal models | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae) | Tanshinone IIA |
|
PTZS in rats; 4-APS in mice | Increasing presynaptic Ca2+ inflow | Tan et al. (2014); Lin et al. (2013) |
| Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge. Var. major (Crataegus L.) | Hesperidin |
|
PTZS in mice | Blocking the effects of enhanced Ca2+ | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) (Malvaceae) | Isoquercitrin |
|
PTZS, MES in mice | Modulating the GABAA-Cl− channel | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Panax L.) | Ginsenoside Rb3 |
|
L&PS in rats | Decreasing influx of Ca2+ | Kim and Rhim (2004) |
| Syzygium aromaticum, L. (Syringa oblata Lindl.) | Eugenol |
|
Granule cell | Depressing the transient and late components of Na+ in the neurons | Kim (2016) |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) | Linalool |
|
Scn1lab−/− in zebrafish | Improving Na+ channels | Kim (2016) |
| Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) | Baccoside A |
|
C. Elegans at higher temperatures | Regulating T-type calcium channel (CCA-1) protein | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) | Citronellol |
|
PTXS in mice | Inhibiting neuronal excitability by regulating voltage dependent Na+ channels | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F.( Celastraceae) | Triptolide |
|
KAS in microglia | Increasing Kv1.1 expression of neurons in hippocampus CA3 | Sun et al. (2018); Pan et al. (2012) |
| Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq.ex Havil (Rubinaceae) | Rhynchophylline isorhynchophylline |
|
KAS in mice | Decreasing Ca2+ internal flow | Ho et al. (2014); Wang and Cai (2018) |
| Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou (Rhamnaceae) | Sanjoinine |
|
NMDAS in rats | Blocking of intracellular Ca2+ influx | Ma et al. (2008) |
| Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. (Ranunculaceae) | Aconitine |
|
Male Wistar rats | Blocking sodium channels, low Mg2+ | Zhao et al. (2020) |
| Platycodon grandiflorus (Platycodon) | Nantenine |
|
PTZS, MES in mice | Decreasing Ca2+ influx into the cell | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Cnidium monnier (L.) Cuss (umbelifera) | Osthole |
|
MES in mice | Increasing Kv1.2 expression of neurons in hippocampus CA3 | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Araceae) | α-asarone |
|
PTZS in mice | Regulating voltage gated sodium ion channel (NAV1.2 channel) | Yuan et al. (2019) |
| Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Araceae) | β-asarone |
|
PTZS in mice | Inhibiting of Ca2+ influx | Yuan et al. (2019) |
4-APS, 4-AP induced seizures; KAS, Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures; L&PS, Lithium & pilocarpine induced seizure; MES, Maximal electroshock-induced seizures; NMDAS, NMDA induced seizures; PTZS, PTZ-induced seizures; PTXS, Picrotoxin induced seizure.