TABLE 4.
Natural drugs that treats epilepsy by regulating the immune system and inflammatory factors.
| Natural drugs | Compounds | Chemical structure | Animal models | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radix Puerariae lobatae (Pueraria DC.) | Puerarin |
|
PTZ & PS in rats | Decreasing IL-10 | He et al. (2019) |
| Nandina domestica Thunb (Berberidaceae) | Amentoflavone |
|
L&PS in rats | Decreasing IL-1β、TNF-α | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Soybean (Glycine max (L.)) | Genistein |
|
DHPGS in rats | Effecting both cell-mediated and humoral components of the adaptive immune system | Diniz et al. (2015) |
| Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) | Silibinin |
|
L&PS in mouse | Decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Kim et al. (2017) |
| Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) | Gastrodin |
|
NMDAS in rat | Decreasing, IL-1β and TNF-α | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) | Geniposide |
|
EMS in mouse | Decreasing TNF-a, IL-1β levels and plasma expression of vascular pseudohemophilia factor | Wei et al. (2018) |
| Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) | Ginsenoside Rb3 |
|
L&PS in rats | Decreasing IL-1β | Kim and Rhim (2004) |
| Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) | Paeoniflorin |
|
MCC in rats | Inhibiting the inflammatory response; protecting neuronal activity | Hino et al. (2012) |
| Crocus sativus L. (saffron) | Crocin |
|
HRKS in mice | Suppressing formation of advanced glycation products and brain inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α | Mazumder et al. (2017) |
| The fragrant camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) | Borneol |
|
PTZS in mice | Anti-inflammatory; anti-bacterial; protecting central nervous | Tambe et al. (2016) |
| Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Miq.ex Havil (Rubiaceae) | Rhynchophylline isorhynchophylline |
|
KAS in mice | Decreasing IL-1β | Shao et al. (2016); Wang and Cai (2018) |
| Piper nigrum L.(pepper berries) | Piperine |
|
PTZS in both zebrafish and mice | Decreasing TNF-α | Diniz et al. (2015) |
| Ligusticum chuanxiong hort (Umbelliferae) | Tetramethylpyrazine |
|
Epileptic Sprague Dawley rats | Decreasing IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, Bim | Jin et al. (2019) |
| Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (Radix Peucedani) | Imperatorin |
|
MES in mice | Decreasing TNF-α and IL-6 levels | Chowdhury et al. (2018) |
Asp, aspartic acid; 4-APS, 4-AP induced seizures; AS, Audiogenic induced seizures; DHPGS, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine induced models; HRKS, Hippocampus rapid kindling model was established in C57BL/6J; KAS, Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures; L&PS, Lithium & pilocarpine induced seizure; MES, Maximal electroshock-induced seizures; MCC, Metallic cobalt to the cerebral cortex; NMDAS, NMDA induced seizures; PTZS, PTZ-induced seizures.