TABLE 6.
Natural drugs used to treat epilepsy by regulating mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress.
| Natural drugs | Compounds | Chemical structure | Animal models | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) | Curcumin |
|
PTZS and KAS in mice | Anti-oxidative stress; Decreasing COX-2,5-LOX, acetylcholinesterase | Kiasalari et al. (2013) |
| Radix Puerariae lobatae (Pueraria DC.) | Puerarin |
|
PTZ & PS in rats | Decreasing NF-κB; Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms | He et al. (2019) |
| Nandina domestica Thunb (Berberidaceae) | Amentoflavone |
|
L&PS in rats | Decreasing COX-2, NF-κB p65 | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) | Catechin |
|
PTZS in rats | Ameliorating cognitive impairment and oxidative stress | Ahmad et al. (2020) |
| Eclipta prostrata L. (Asteraceae) | Luteolin |
|
PTZS in mice | Inhibiting oxidative stress | Tambe et al. (2016) |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) | EGCG |
|
L&PS in rats | Inhibiting TLR4, NF-κB signaling pathway; Antioxidant | Qu et al. (2019) |
| Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) | Silibinin |
|
L&PS in mouse | Decreasing Hif-1α | Kim et al. (2019) |
| Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) | Morin hydrate |
|
PTZS in mouse | Modulating the concentrations Na+/K+-ATP; Antioxidant status | Lee et al. (2018) |
| Astragalus spp. (Radix Astragali) | Baicalin |
|
PTZS in rats | Decreasing Bcl-2, GSH, SOD, IL-1β, Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α, Lipid peroxidation, nitrite | Diniz et al. (2015) |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae) | Nobiletin |
|
PTZS in mice | Antiapoptotic | Yang et al. (2018) |
| Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria) | Fisetin |
|
Iron-induced experimental model in rats | Inhibiting oxidative injury | Diniz et al. (2015) |
| Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) | Gastrodin |
|
NMDAS in rat | Increasing CAT, GSH, SOD | Liu et al. (2018) |
| Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid (Asclepiadaceae) | Otophylloside |
|
PTZS in mice | Downregulating Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; Increasing the expression level of c-fos | Sheng et al. (2016) |
| Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae) | Rb1 ginsenosides |
|
PTZS in rat | Increased GSH levels, decreased MDA levels, enhanced both the Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions | Shi et al. (2018) |
| Syringa oblata Lindl.(Oleaceae) | Trans-Caryophyllene |
|
KAS in mice | Preserving the activity of gpx, SOD, and CAT | Liu et al. (2015) |
| Strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa, Duch.) | Γ-Decanolactone |
|
PTZS in mice | Protecting oxidative stress and DNA damage in mice | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. (Myrtaceae) | Isopulegol |
|
PTZS in mice | Decreasing in lipid peroxidation; preserving catalase activity in normal levels; preventing loss of GSH | Xiang et al. (2014) |
| Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Araceae) | α-asarone |
|
PTZS in mice | Regulating the abnormal expression of neuronal apoptotic factors Bax and Bcl-2 | Liu et al. (2013) |
| Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Araceae) | β-asarone |
|
PTZS in mice | Stabilizating mitochondrial membrane potential | Yuan et al. (2019) |
KAS, Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures; L&PS, Lithium & pilocarpine induced seizure; NMDAS, NMDA induced seizures; PTZS, PTZ-induced seizures.