Table 2.

Associations between alpha and beta diversity and study covariates at baseline.

	Alpha diversitya (p-value)		Beta diversityb R2 (p-value)
	Shannon	Faith's	Bray-Curtis	Jaccard	Weighted UniFrac	Unweighted UniFrac
Hoehn and Yahr stage (per 1 unit)	0.06 (0.60)	0.99 (0.52)	0.046 (0.63)	0.09 (0.10)	0.05 (0.50)	0.05 (0.53)
Age (per 1 year)	0.05 (0.02)	0.49 (0.09)	0.10 (0.09)	0.07 (0.24)	0.09 (0.14)	0.09 (0.15)
BMI (per 1 unit)	−0.03 (0.07)	−0.23 (0.04)	0.12 (0.047)	0.06 (0.45)	0.08 (0.20)	0.08 (0.22)
PD duration (pear 1 year)	0.26 (0.47)	11.16 (0.05)	0.10 (0.62)	0.30 (0.004)	0.10 (0.64)	0.10 (0.62)
Sex (F vs. M)	0.12 (0.58)	3.11 (0.31)	0.030 (0.91)	0.04 (0.81)	0.05 (0.53)	0.05 (0.53)
Dopaminergic medication usec	0.006 (0.97)	−1.79 (0.58)	0.046 (0.59)	0.07 (0.24)	0.01 (0.99)	0.01 (0.99)
Antidepressantsc	0.27 (0.36)	−0.62 (0.89)	0.046 (0.61)	0.06 (0.35)	0.08 (0.18)	0.08 (0.19)
Statinsc	0.06 (0.79)	1.25 (0.69)	0.055 (0.45)	0.06 (0.43)	0.05 (0.64)	0.05 (0.68)
Metforminc	−0.31 (0.37)	−4.41 (0.32)	0.077 (0.19)	0.04 (0.83)	0.08 (0.23)	0.08 (0.24)
Diabetesc	−0.44 (0.13)	−1.79 (0.64)	0.039 (0.75)	0.06 (0.36)	0.05 (0.63)	0.05 (0.63)
Yogurtc	0.30 (0.16)	3.33 (0.28)	0.046 (0.62)	0.06 (0.35)	0.05 (0.65)	0.05 (0.63)
Whole grains dailyc	0.01 (0.95)	1.79 (0.58)	0.05 (0.48)	0.06 (0.37)	0.05 (0.58)	0.05 (0.58)
Meat dailyc	−0.03 (0.90)	−3.21 (0.29)	0.06 (0.42)	0.24 (0.07)	0.06 (0.43)	0.06 (0.44)
Nuts dailyc	0.33 (0.15)	2.43 (0.45)	0.123 (0.048)	0.05 (0.67)	0.07 (0.30)	0.07 (0.30)
Fruits and vegetables dailyc	−0.17 (0.63)	−4.24 (0.34)	0.05 (0.57)	0.04 (0.70)	0.05 (0.53)	0.05 (0.54)
Alcohol use weeklyc	0.05 (0.19)	0.91 (0.04)	0.11 (0.07)	0.06 (0.29)	0.10 (0.08)	0.11 (0.09)
Caffeinated beverages dailyc	0.05 (0.83)	2.52 (0.42)	0.06 (0.33)	0.03 (0.98)	0.04 (0.80)	0.04 (0.81)

^aUnivariate linear regression model with alpha diversity measure as the outcome.

^bPermutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA).

^cBinary (yes/no) indicators. Values with p ≤ 0.05 are bolded.