Table 1.
Summary of meta-analysis resultsa.
| Outcomes or subgroups | Number of studies (N=25), n (%) | Participants | Statistical methods | Effect estimates (95% CI) | P value |
| BMI | 10 (40) | 2558 | MDb (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.37 (−1.20 to 0.46) | .38 |
| Total cholesterol | 9 (36) | 1783 | SMDc (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.29 (−0.44 to −0.15) | <.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein | 9 (36) | 1783 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.00) | .05 |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 12 (48) | 3431 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.18 (−0.33 to −0.04) | .01 |
| Triglycerides | 8 (32) | 1660 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.07 (−0.24 to 0.11) | .28 |
| Diastolic BPd | 11 (44) | 2460 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.06 (−0.20 to 0.08) | .43 |
| Systolic BP | 12 (48) | 3283 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.03 (−0.18 to 0.13) | .74 |
| Physical activity | 14 (56) | 3015 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.36) | <.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 4 (16) | 651 | SMD (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.16 (−1.43 to 1.10) | .80 |
| Blood sugar, HbA1ce | 2 (8) | 380 | RRf (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 1.04 (0.40 to 2.70) | .94 |
| Physical inactivity | 4 (16) | 1054 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 0.54 (0.39 to 0.75) | <.001 |
| Food intake (diet) | 6 (24) | 716 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 0.79 (0.66 to 0.94) | .007 |
| Health diet | 3 (12) | 173 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.89) | .004 |
| Unhealthy diet | 3 (12) | 185 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | .47 |
| Smoking | 11 (44) | 2916 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.13) | .30 |
| Medication adherence | 11 (44) | 2710 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.22) | .06 |
| Medication adherence (multiple treatment) | 5 (20) | 758 | RR (M-H, random, 95% CI) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.14) | .02 |
aSummary of analyzed data.
bMD: mean difference.
cSMD: standard mean difference.
dBP: blood pressure.
eHbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c blood sugar.
fRR: risk ratio.