Figure 3. Greater Internal Work and Hemodynamic Alterations in Unloaded vs Early-Loaded Exercise.

A, Hemodynamic responses that characterize heart failure with preserved ejection fraction across quartiles of internal work in unloaded exercise (ie, exercise initiation) and early-loaded exercise (30 W of loaded exercise occurring early in the incremental ramp portion of exercise). Each box plot displays the change in a hemodynamic measure (augmentation), calculated as the value of the variable at the end of the phase minus its value at the beginning of the phase. B, Analogous analyses for the components of V̇o₂. P values represent the P values for each measure across internal work quartiles in adjusted linear models. CavO₂ indicates arteriovenous O₂ content difference; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure.