Table 1.

Major Steps of Toolkit Development

Step of Development	No. of Articles or Tools in Domain
	Medication Reconciliation	Polypharmacy	Medication Adherence
1. Conduct systematic literature search in 3 domains: medication adherence, medication reconciliation, and polypharmacy (sources: MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects).
2. Identify relevant systematic reviews.a	18	9	70
3. Isolate high-quality systematic reviews.a	11	6	25
4. Extract conclusions of high-quality systematic reviews.a	37	14	50
5. Isolate systematic reviews drawing positive conclusions.	3	3	16
6. Identify primary studies that both drove systematic reviewers’ positive conclusions and used a generalizable tool or tactic.b	3	9	9
7. For each tool and tactic identified, assign a GRADE level of evidence quality based on the systematic review.a	3 tools from low-quality bodies of evidence	9 tools from very low-quality bodies of evidence	2, 4, and 3 tools from moderate-, low-, and very low-quality bodies of evidence, respectively
8. Consider other primary studies recognized by the technical expert panel or during the review process.	2 tools addressing all 3 domains

Abbreviations: GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation⁵ (GRADE ratings available only for 21 tools or tactics identified in systematic overviews).

^aReviews were conducted independently by 2 coauthors prior to reconciling results.

^bGeneralizability was determined by pharmacist coauthors involved in patient care.