Table 2.

General Characteristics of Tools Addressing All 3 Domains (Medication Adherence, Medication Reconciliation, and Polypharmacy)^a

Tool	Primary Study (Year Published)	Primary Study Characteristics				Study Measurement Methods			Results
		Setting (Country)	Follow-up Duration(s)	Patient Population	Who Used Tool?	No. Subjects	Data Source	Outcome Variable
Multicomponent pharmacist intervention: medication review, patient interview, and postdischarge follow-up to address polypharmacy	Ravn-Nielsen et al (2018)6	Postdischarge (Denmark)	30 and 180 days	New acute admission adults with 5 or more medications and multiple medical conditions	Pharmacist	BI: 494 EI: 476 C: 498	National patient register	Occurrence of readmission, ED visits, and deaths within 30 days and 180 days	Significant effect on readmission within 30 days within the extended intervention group (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46-0.84) as well as within 180 days (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.90)
Pharmacist counseling via telephone discharge script: comparison of patients’ self-reported medication list with discharge list as well as medication adherence	Schnipper et al (2006)7	Postdischarge (United States)	30 days	General medicine patients with multiple medical conditions who were being discharged home and could be contacted in 30 days	Pharmacist	I: 92 C: 84	Preventable ADEs measured with a screening questionnaire (developed by Bates and colleagues)	Presence of preventable ADEs in patients within 30 days after discharge	Significant difference in rate of preventable ADEs in control group (11%) vs intervention group (1%) (P = 0.01; unadjusted OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.013-0.86)

Abbreviations: ADE, adverse drug event; BI, basic intervention; C, control; CI, confidence interval; ED, emergency department; EI, extended intervention; HR, hazard ratio; I, intervention; OR, odds ratio.

^aBecause the 2 tools described were identified by the technical expert panel and not included in any systematic review, no evidence ratings were assigned.