Table 1.
Treatment of patients during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Type of Drugs | Therapeutic agent | Compounds or components | Mode of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repurposed drugs | Lopinavir Ritonavir | HIV protease inhibitor | Inhibit the SARS-CoV 3CLpro enzyme | Nukoolkarn et al. (2008) |
| Oseltamivir | Neuraminidase inhibitor | Inhibits the viral neuraminidase in influenza, however the mechanism in SARS-CoV-2 is still in progress by AbbVie Inc | Harrison, (2020), Mulangu et al. (2019) | |
| Remdesivir Favipiravir | Nucleotide analogues | Inhibits viral RNA synthesis through chain termination | Sangawa et al. (2013), Abdelnabi et al. (2017) | |
| Chloroquine | 9-Aminoquinoline | Inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 at the cellular level | Wang M. et al. (2020) | |
| Alternative/complementary medicine | Shuang Huang Lian Kou Fu Ye | Lonicera japonica Thunb. (chlorogenic acid), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, (baicalin) and Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (forsythoside A) | Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by baicalin | Yang et al. (2020) |
| Bu Huan Jin Zheng Qi San and Da Yuan Yin | Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., Citrus × aurantium L., Magnolia officinalis Rehder and E. H. Wilson, Agastache rugosa (Fisch. and C. A. Mey.) Kuntze, Lanxangia tsao-ko (Crevost and Lemarié) M. F. Newman and Skornick., Ephedra sinica S., Hansenia weberbaueriana (Fedde ex H. Wolff) Pimenov and Kljuykov, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Areca catechu L. | Altering TLR7 signaling pathway through regulation of TLR7, MyD88, TNFR6, and IFN-β mRNA in influenza A, yet mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 still needs further investigation | Cheng et al. (2016) | |
| Xue Bi Jing Injection | Conioselinum anthriscoides “Chuanxiong,” Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Carthamus tinctorius L., and Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels | Prevent development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome | Qi et al. (2011) | |
| Qing Fei Pai Du Tang | Ephedra sinica S., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., Prunus armeniaca L., Gypsum, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl, Alisma plantago-aquatica L., Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Bupleurum chinense DC., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Aster tataricus L. f., Tussilago farfara L., Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt and Mabb., Asarum sieboldii M., Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Citrus trifoliata L., Citrus × aurantium L., and Agastache rugosa (Fisch. and C. A. Mey.) Kuntze. | Reportedly have anti-SARS-CoV activity | Yang et al. (2020), Chen et al. (2017) | |
| Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by baicalin |