Table A1.
Ecosystem-Scale Ozone Flux Datasets from 1985 Onwards.
| Site name | Region | Latitude | Longitude | Length of observational dataset | Measurement Type | Land use/land cover | Previous literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alice Holt | England | 51.1667452°N | 0.8658308°W | July-August 2005 | EC | oak forest | |
| Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) | Brazil | 2.1459°S | 59.00°W | December 2015, March 2016-present | EC | tropical forest | |
| Auchencorth Moss | Scotland | 55°47’30”N | 3°14’20”W | 1995–1998 | gradient | moorland | Fowler et al., 2001; Tuovinen et al., 2004 |
| Beaufort | Southeast US | 34.88°N | −76.62°W | 10 June to 01 August 1993 | EC | crop | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Meyers et al., 1998 |
| Beijing | China | 39.98°N | 116.39°E | August-November 2016, May-June 2017 | EC | urban | |
| Bergamo | Italy | 45°36’51’N | 9°40’22’E | May-June 2001 | EC | wheat field | Gerosa et al., 2003 |
| Bily Kriz | Czech Republic | 49°33’N | 18°32’E | gradient: July-August 2008, 2012–2017; EC: summer 2017 | gradient, EC | Norway spruce forest, established in 1981 by planting four-year-old seedlings in rows | Juráň et al., 2019; Zapletal et al., 2011 |
| Blodgett Forest | California | 38.9°N | 120.63°W | June-September 1997, May-November 1998, June 1999 to June 2000, January 2001 to December 2006 | EC | ponderosa pine plantation | Bauer et al., 2000; Fares, McKay, Holzinger, et al., 2010; Goldstein et al., 2003, 2004; Kurpius et al., 2002; Kurpius & Goldstein, 2003; Wolfe et al., 2011 |
| Bondville | Midwest US | 40.05°N | 88.37°W | 18 August to 1 October 1994 | EC | corn | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Finkelstein, 2001; Meyers et al., 1998; Wu, Y., et al., 2003; Zhang, L., et al., 2002 |
| Bosco Fontana | Italy | 45°12’02”N | 10°44’44”E | 12 June to 11 July 2012 | EC | mixed oak-hornbeam forest | Finco et al., 2018 |
| Braunschweig | Germany | 53°18’N | 10°26’E | 20 May to 15 June 2000 | EC | intensively managed grassland | Bassin et al., 2004; Mészáros, Horváth, Weidinger, et al., 2009 |
| Bruneck | Italy | 46°49’N | 11°55’E | December 1999 | EC | snow-covered mountain valley | Cieslik, 2009 |
| Bugacpuszta | Hungary | 46.69°N | 19.60°E | August 2012 to January 2014 | EC | semi-natural semi-arid sandy grassland | Horváth et al., 2017 |
| Bukit Atur | Malaysia | 4°58’49.10”N | 117°51’19.12”E | 7 April to 24 July 2008 | EC, gradient | tropical forest | Fowler et al., 2011 |
| Burriana | Spain | 39°55’N | 0°03’W (0.04’W for last campaign) | 16–29 July 1995, 28 April to 3 May 1996, 2–16 June 1997 | EC | orange grove | Cieslik, 2004 |
| Cala Violina | Italy | 42°55’N | 10°30’E | June-December 2005, July-September 2006 | EC | mixed oak forest in complex terrain | Cieslik, 2009; Gerosa et al., 2007 |
| Camp Borden | Canada | 44°19’N | 79°56’W | July-August 1988 (EC), March-April 1990 (EC), May 2008 - April 2013 (gradient) | EC, gradient | temperate mixed forest | Fuentes et al., 1992; Padro, 1993, 1994; Padro et al., 1991; Wu, Z., et al., 2016, 2018 |
| Castelporziano | Italy | 41.42°N | 12.21°E | June 1993, May 1994 | EC | Mediterranean pseudo steppe | Cieslik, 2004; Cieslik & Labatut, 1997 |
| Castelporziano | Italy | 41.42°N | 12.21°E | August-September 2003, June-November 2004, June-October 2003, 2011–2015 | EC | Holm oak forest | Gerosa et al., 2005, 2007, 2009b; Fares et al., 2013, 2014; Hoshika et al., 2017; Rydsaa et al., 2017; Savi & Fares, 2014; Vitale et al., 2005 |
| Castile and Leon | Spain | 42°1’N | 4°32’W | 5, 6, and 8 May 1994, six days in July 1995 | gradient | semi-arid steppe on a plateau covered in barley | De Miguel & Bilbao, 1999; Sánchez et al., 1997 |
| Central Plains Experimental Range | western US | 40°28’23”N | 104°45’15”W | 5 March to 2 August 1988, 24 January to 21 February 1989, 7 June to 10 July 1989 | EC | bare patches of soil and dead or senescent vegetation or snow | Massman, 1993; Stocker et al., 1993, 1995 |
| Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences | Beijing | September and November 2000, 10 days each | gradient | grassland | Sorimachi et al., 2003 | ||
| CODE cotton | California | 36°48’50”N | 120°40’38”W | 8 July to 6 August 1991 | EC | cotton | Grantz et al., 1997; Massman et al., 1994; Padro, Massman, Shaw, et al., 1994; Padro, 1996 |
| CODE grassland | California | 37°02’N | 119°48’30”W | 30 days during summer 1991 | EC | grassland | Massman et al., 1994; Padro, Massman, Shaw, et al., 1994; Padro, 1996 |
| CODE vineyard | California | 36°51’36”N | 120°6’7”W | 11 July to 1 August 1991, 8 July to 6 August 1991 | EC | grape | Grantz et al., 1995; Massman et al., 1994; Padro, Massman, Den Hartog, et al., 1994; Padro, 1996 |
| Colt Park | England | 54.19°N | 2.34°W | August to October 2005 | EC | semi-natural grassland | |
| Comun Nuovo | Italy | 45°37’N | 9°40’E | May-June 2001, July-September 2001, May-June 2002 | EC | wheat, soybean, or barley | Bassin et al., 2004; Cieslik, 2009; Gerosa et al., 2003; Tuovinen et al., 2004; Rydsaa et al., 2017 |
| Cuatro Vientos | Spain | 40°40’N | 3°56’W | 2–13 May 1997 | EC | low vegetation | Cieslik, 2004 |
| Dakhla Oasis | Egypt | 23 March to 9 April 1993 | EC | Saharan desert | Güsten et al., 1996 | ||
| Diepoholz | Germany | 52°39’8”N | 8°39’12”E | 30 June to 4 August 2014 | EC | peatland | El-Madany et al., 2017 |
| Duke Forest | southeast US | spring 2017 to 2019 | EC | bottomland mixed hardwood forest along urban to rural gradient | |||
| Duke Forest Blackwood Division | southeast US | 35.97°N | 79.13°W | 15 April to 15 May 1996 | EC | Loblolly pine plantation | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Meyers et al., 1998 |
| Easter Bush | Scotland | August 2007 | EC | grasslands with predominately perennial rye-grass with grazing in adjacent fields | Muller et al., 2009, 2010 | ||
| Flanders | Belgium | 51°18’N | 4°31’E | 2000–2015 | gradient | mixed forest in a suburban area | Neirynck et al., 2012; Neirynck & Verstraeten, 2018 |
| Gilchriston Farm | Scotland | 55.9°N | 2.8°W | one month in summer 2006 | EC | potato canopy | Coyle et al., 2009 |
| GLEES Brooklyn Lake | Western US | 41°22’N | 106°14.5’W | 14–27 April, 6–19 May, June, and 2–9 July 1992, 15–26 January 1993, 30 July to 8 August 1996 | EC | subalpine coniferous forest | Zeller, 2000; Zeller & Hehn, 1995; 1996; Zeller & Nikolov, 2000 |
| GLEES Brooklyn Lake | Western US | 41°22’N | 106°14.5’W | 24 April to 3 May 1994, 7–21 June, 2–10 August 1994 | EC | open meadow | Zeller & Hehn, 1995 |
| Grignon | France | 48.84422°N | 1.95191°E | 19 June to 7 October 2002, 26 July to 1 October 2002, 2004–2009, 7 August 2012 to 13 March 2013 | EC | crop (sometimes bare soil, maize, winter wheat) | Lamaud et al., 2009; Loubet et al., 2013; Stella, Loubet, Lamaud, et al., 2011; Stella, Personne, Loubet, et al., 2011; Stella et al., 2012, 2013, 2019; Tuzet et al., 2011; Vuolo et al., 2017 |
| Halvergate Trace Gas Exchange Experiment | England | 15 September 1989 | gradient | drained marshland pasture | Hargreaves et al., 1992; Kramm et al., 1991 | ||
| Hartheim | Germany | 47°56’N | 7°37’E | 17–20 May 1992 | gradient | Scots pine plantation | Joss & Graber, 1996 |
| Harvard Forest | Northeast US | 42.53°N | 72.18°W | 1990–2000 | EC, gradient | temperate deciduous forest | Clifton et al., 2017, 2019; Munger et al., 1996; Wu, Z. Y., et al., 2015 |
| Hesse | France | 48°0’27”N | 7°03’52”E | September 2010 to March 2011 | EC | European beech | Le Morvan-Quéméner et al., 2018 |
| Hohenpeissenberg | Germany | 47°48’N | 11°02’E | 29 August to 20 September 2005 | EC | meadow, pre-alpine landscape | Stella et al., 2013 |
| Horsepool | Western US | 25 January to 2 April 2013 | EC | dry, sandy soil and low-lying sage brush | |||
| Hortobágy | Hungary | 19–30 June 1993, 5 May to 21 June 1994, 13–30 September 1994 | gradient | grassland | Hórvath et al., 1997 | ||
| Hurdal | Norway | 1 July 2000 to 31 March 2003 | gradient | Norway spruce forest | Hole et al., 2004 | ||
| Hyytiälä | Finland | 61.85°N | 24.28°E | 2001–2013 | EC | coniferous forest | Altimir et al., 2006; Launiainen et al., 2013; Rannik et al., 2009, 2012; Zhou, P. T., et al., 2017 |
| Ispra forest | Italy | 45.8126°N | 8.6336°E | 2013–2015 | EC | deciduous forest | |
| Ispra grassland | Italy | 44°48’N | 8°38’E | September 1997 | EC | grassland | Cieslik, 2009 |
| Kaamanen | Finland | 69°08’N | 27°17’E | September 1995 | EC | open fark fen (ridges and open water pools) | Tuovinen et al., 1998, 2004 |
| Kane Experimental Forest | Northeast US | 41.595°N | 78.766°W | 29 April to 23 October 1997 | EC | deciduous forest | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Finkelstein, 2001; Meyers et al., 1998; Zhang, L., et al., 2001, 2002 |
| Keenly Fell | England | 54°53’49.0”N | 2°19’26.6”W | June 2007 to December 2011 | EC | semi-natural grassland | |
| Klippeneck | Germany | 48°10’N | 8°45’E | 10–22 September 1992 | grassland | Cieslik, 2004 | |
| Konza Praire Research Natural Area | Central US | 26 May to 6 June 1987, 25 June to 11 July, 6–21 August 1987, 5–16 October 1987 | EC | predominately big bluestem grass; surface materials above ground southwest of tower removed recently by fire | Gao et al., 1992 | ||
| Kranzberger Forst | Germany | 48°25’N | 11°39’E | 2–29 July 2007 | EC | mixed forest | Nunn et al., 2010 |
| La Barben | France | 43°35’N | 5°15’E | 29 June to 13 July 2001 | EC | Mediterranean shrubland, mostly Quercus coccifera | Michou et al., 2005 |
| La Cape Sud | France | 44°24’N | 0°38’W | 26 July 2007 to 4 March 2008 | EC | crop | Stella, Personne, Loubet, et al., 2011; Stella et al., 2019 |
| La Crau | France | 43°34’N | 4°49’E | 20 April to 31 May 2001 | EC | semi-arid part of the La Crau plain; totally flat, uniform, almost bare soil with mainly pebbles | Michou et al., 2005; Stella et al., 2019 |
| Lake Kinisheo | Canada | late June to July 1990 | lichen bogs and small conifer shrubs | Fuentes et al., 1994 | |||
| Lake Kuivajärvi | Finland | 61°50’N | 24°17’E | August to September 2012 | EC | boreal lake | Fung, 2018 |
| Lamasquére | France | 43°49’N | 1°23’W | 2008–2010 | EC | crop | Stella, Personne, Loubet, et al., 2011; Stella et al., 2019 |
| Le Bray | France | 44°34’33.24”N | 0°46’33.72”W | May to August 2007, May to August 2008 | EC | stand of maritime pines planted in 1970 | Le Morvan-Quéméner et al., 2018 |
| Le Dézert | France | 44°05’N | 0°43’W | 16–18 April 1997 | EC | coniferous forest | Cieslik, 2004 |
| Les Landes | France | 44°12’N | 0°42’W | June 1994, 21 June to 3 July 1997, 21–24 February 1997, June 1996, October 1996 | gradient, EC | mixed forest | Lamaud et al., 2002; Sánchez et al., 1997 |
| Lincove | California | 36.36°N | 119.09°W | October 2009 to November 2010 | EC | orange orchard | Fares et al., 2012 |
| Lochristi | Belgium | 51°06’44”N | 3°51’02”E | 2010–2016 | EC | short-rotation coppice poplar plantation | Zenone et al., 2016; Zona et al., 2014 |
| London | England | 51.52°N | 0.14°W | October 2011 to August 2013 | EC | urban | |
| Lusignan | France | 46°24’N | 0°07’E | 17 March to 5 May 2011 | EC | crop | Stella et al., 2019 |
| Lusignan | France | 46°26’08”N | 0°07’25”E | August to September 2010 | EC | meadow | Le Morvan-Quéméner et al., 2018 |
| Manaus | Brazil | 3°S | 60°W | at most a couple of days in July - August 1985 | gradient | tropical forest | Kirchhoff et al., 1988 |
| Mea Moh | Thailand | 18.28°N | 99.72°E | January-April 2002, January-August 2004 | gradient | teak forest | Matsuda et al., 2005, 2006 |
| Mekrijärvi | Finland | 62°52’N | 30°55’E | July 1995 | EC | low Scots pine forest on border of southern and middle boreal zones | Tuovinen et al., 2001, 2004 |
| Meyrargues | France | 43°39’N | 5°32’E | 12–28 June 2001 | EC | maize | Michou et al., 2005 |
| Monmeyan | France | 43°39’N | 6°05’E | 10–26 June 2001 | EC | Mediterranean forest (95% Quercus Pubescens) | Michou et al., 2005 |
| Nashville/Keysburg | Southeast US | 36.65°N | 87.03°W | 22 June to 11 October 1995 | EC | soybean | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Finkelstein 2001; Meyers et al., 1998; Pleim et al., 2001; Wu, Y., et al., 2003; Zhang, L., et al., 2002 |
| Neustift | Austria | 47°07’N | 11°19’E | 11 July to 20 October 2008 | gradient; EC | temperate mountain meadow | Wohlfahrt, Hörtnagl, Hammerle, et al., 2009 |
| Niwot Ridge | Western US | 40.03°N | 105.55°W | 6 June to 31 August 2002; 1 April to 19 November 2003; 21 May to 30 June 2004; 20 May to 31 August 2005 | EC | coniferous sub-alpine forest | Turnipseed et al., 2009 |
| Norwood Park | England | 25–28 July 1994 | EC | fruit orchard | Walton, Gallagher, Choularton, et al., 1997; Walton, Gallagher, & Duyzer, 1997 | ||
| Nyírjes | Hungary | 5–30 September 1991, 20 March to 16 April 1992, 28 January to 17 February 1993, 8 July to 29 August 1993, 15 July to 6 August 1994 | gradient | Norway spruce forest | Hórvath et al., 1997 | ||
| Oshiba Highland | Japan | 32°52’N | 137°58’E | April-September 2001 | gradient | red pine forest | Zhang, S., et al., 2005 |
| Palatinate | Germany | 49.16°N | 8.28°E | April-September 1992 | EC | barley or flat harvested field | Güsten et al., 1997 |
| Petsikko | Finland | 69°52’N | 27°14’E | beginning of June to August 18 1996 | EC | subarctic mountain birch | Tuovinen et al., 2001 |
| Plymouth | Southeast US | 35.70°N | 76.80°W | 15 July to 15 August 1996 | EC | soybean | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Meyers et al., 1998; Wu, Y., et al., 2003 |
| Polder Piloto de Sarazola | Portugal | 40°42’N | 8°37’W | November 1994 to October 1995 | gradient | meadow | Pio & Feliciano, 1996; Pio et al., 2000; Tuovinen et al., 2004 |
| Ramat Hanadiv Nature Park | Israel | 32°33’19.87”N | 34°56’50.23°E | 31 July to 30 September 2015, 1 February to 31 March 2016, 1 June to 7 July 2016, 2 August to 17 September 2016, 5 January to 22 May 2017, 12 June to 2 July 2017 | EC | shrub 3.6 km away from eastern Mediterranean seashore | Li, Q., et al., 2018 |
| Reserve Adolfo Ducke | Amazonia | 2°57’S | 59°57’W | 22 April to 8 May 1987 | EC | tropical forest | Fan et al., 1990 |
| Rhine Valley | Germany | September 1992 | gradient | short sparse wheat | Horváth et al., 1998 | ||
| Rhineland-Palatinate | Germany | 49.9685°N | 8.1481°E | July-October 2011 | EC | natural nutrient-poor steppe-like grassland; occasionally subject to management in past | Ermel et al., 2013; Plake, Stella, Moravek, et al., 2015 |
| Rivox | Scotland | 55°19’57”N | 3°31’43”W | May 1992 | EC | Sitka spruce plantation | Coe et al., 1995 |
| Rondonia | Amazonia | 10°04’55’S | 61°55’48”W | 4–22 May 1999, 21 September to 20 October 1999 | EC | wet and dry season, la Niña year | Rummel et al., 2007 |
| Rondonia | Amazonia | 10°45’44”S | 62°21’27”W | 30 April to 17 May 1999, 24 September to 27 October 1999 | EC | pasture; transition seasons “wet-dry” and “dry-wet”, la Niña year | Kirkman et al., 2002; Rummel et al., 2007 |
| S. Pietro Capofiume | Italy | 44°39’N | 11°37’E | 2–11 June 1993 | EC | beet | Cavicchioli et al., 1997; Cieslik, 2004, 2009 |
| Sabah | Malaysia | 5°14’58.69”N | 118°27’15.76”E | 4–11 June 2008 | EC | crop | Fowler et al., 2011 |
| San Rossore | Italy | 43°43′55′′N | 10°17′27′′E | 20 January to 10 February 2013, 22 April to 12 May 2013, 8–27 July 2013, 9–29 September 2013 | EC | coniferous forest (Pinus pinea) | Hoshika et al., 2017 |
| Sand Flats State Forest | Northeast US | 43.565°N | 75.238°W | 12 May to 20 October 1998 | EC | mixed forest | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Finkelstein 2001; Meyers et al., 1998; Zhang, L., et al., 2001, 2002 |
| Sand Mountain | Southeast US | 34.29°N | 85.97°W | 15 April to 13 June 1995 | EC | grassland | Finkelstein et al., 2000; Finkelstein, 2001; Meyers et al., 1998; Wu, Y., et al., 2003; Zhang, L., et al., 2002 |
| Schachtenau | Germany | June to September 1987, 18–28 September 1989 | EC | coniferous forest | Enders, 1992; Enders et al., 1992 | ||
| Schefferville | Canada | 54°50’N | 66°40’W | July to August 1990 | EC | spruce woodland | Munger et al., 1996 |
| Scherzheim | Germany | 11–22 September 1992 | EC | harvested and harrowed wheat field with re-grown wheat | Pilegaard et al., 1998 | ||
| Sinderhoeve | Netherlands | 51.58°N | 5.42°E | 30 June 1988, 6, 19, 25, and 28 July 1988, 12 and 28 August 1988, 12 and 22 September 1988, 4 October 1988 | EC | maize | Van Pul & Jacobs, 1994 |
| Speulderbos | Netherlands | nine months in 1993 | EC | Douglas fir plantation | Dorsey et al., 2004; Duyzer et al., 1995 | ||
| Summit | Greenland | 72.34°N | 38.29°W | 19–30 July 2003, 22 March to 14 August 2004, 17 March to 28 April 2005 | gradient | polar snowpack on glacial ice | Helmig, Bocquet, Cohen, et al., 2007; Helmig, Cohen, Bocquet, et al. 2009 |
| Toolik Lake | Alaska | 68.6°N | 149.6°N | May-August 2011 | EC | tundra | Van Dam et al., 2016 |
| Turro | Italy | 44°59’N | 9°42’E | March-April 2014 | EC | crop | Stella et al., 2019 |
| Ulborg | Denmark | 56°17’N | 8°25’E | EC: 7 days in April 1995, 10 days in June 1994, 7 days in August 1997, 5 days in September 1995, May-June 1995, 2003; gradient: 1994–2000 | EC, gradient | mixed forest (mostly Norway spruce) | Mikkelsen et al., 2000, 2004; Pilegaard et al., 1995; Ro-Poulsen et al., 1998; Tuovinen et al., 2004 |
| UMBS Prophet | Midwest US | 45.5°N | 84.7°W | 27 June to 28 September 2002, 7 August to 15 October 2003, 15 June to 15 September 2004, 15 June to 3 September 2005 | EC | mixed forest (Bigtooth aspen, white pine, red oak, red maple, paper birch) | Hogg et al., 2007; Hogg, 2007 |
| Viols-en-Laval | France | 43°41’N | 3°47’E | 16–24 July 1998 | EC | Mediterranean shrub | Cieslik, 2004 |
| Virginia Forest Research Facility | Southeast US | 37.92°N | 78.27°W | July 2019-present | EC | mixed forest | |
| Voghera | Italy | 45°01’N | 9°00’E | May-July 2003 | EC | onion | Cieslik 2009; Gerosa et al., 2007 |
| Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | China | 36°50’N | 116°34’E | 9 August to 28 September 2011, 2 March to 6 June 2012 | EC | corn, wheat | Zhu et al., 2014; Zhu, 2019 |
| Yukon Delta National Wildlfie Refuge | Alaska | 61°05.41’N | 162°00.92’W | 14 July to 12 August 1988 | EC | tundra | Jacob et al., 1992 |
| Zegveld | Netherlands | 6 September 1994 | gradient | Dutch pasture | Galmarini et al., 1997 |