Fundamental data collection and analysis. (A) Example EEG traces from 16 scalp electrodes while a subject was sitting still with eyes closed (BASE, black) or performing the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT, red). (B) Example power spectrum (O1 electrode) is shown for BASE (black) and HVLT (red) with the five bands of interest outlined in blue (theta, alpha, beta, low gamma and high gamma). (C) Example PLV (between O1–O2 electrode pair) with five bands of interest outlined in blue. (D) Example PAC comodulogram (O1 electrode) computed for the full range of frequencies with the five combinations of slow and fast frequencies used for PAC estimation (left: alpha-low gamma, alpha-high gamma; right: theta-beta, theta-low gamma, theta-high gamma; white rectangles). Note the overlap in the beta and low gamma frequency ranges for PAC analysis, which occur because the amplitude filters are 20 Hz wide and beta is defined as 15–35 Hz and low gamma as 30–50 Hz.