Table 2.
Children infection outcomes among articles without breast milk samples tested
| Articles without breast milk samples available: 303 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonates (0 to 28 days old) | ||||
| Confirmed | Negative | Total | Studies | |
| COVID‐19 a | COVID‐19 b | |||
| Breastfeeding c | 16 | 137 | 153 | Positive cases 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 |
| Negative cases 68 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 | ||||
| Breast milk substitute (infant formula) d | 15 | 67 | 82 | Positive cases 62 , 63 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 |
| Negative cases 4 , 68 , 79 , 81 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 | ||||
| Mix‐feeding | 3 | 7 | 10 | Positive cases 104 , 105 , 106 |
| Negative cases 107 | ||||
| Not reported feeding practice | 76 | 596 | 672 | Positive cases 63 , 67 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 |
| Negative cases 5 , 10 , 47 , 75 , 111 , 114 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 | ||||
| Infants (>28 days old) | ||||
| Breastfeeding c | 12 | 0 | 12 | Positive cases 69 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 |
| Breast milk substitute (infant formula) d | 6 | 0 | 6 | Positive cases 83 , 193 , 199 , 200 |
| Mix‐feeding | 3 | 0 | 3 | Positive cases 193 , 201 |
| Not reported e feeding practice | 125 | 2 | 127 | Positive cases 48 , 59 , 85 , 126 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 |
| Negative cases 155 , 255 | ||||
| Total | 256 | 808 | 1065 | |
| Articles not included in the analysis | 3, 102, 115, 136, 178, 225, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355 | |||
a
Confirmed cases are defined as individuals with a positive RT‐PCR tests for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA.
b
Negative COVID‐19 are individuals with a negative RT‐PCR test for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA.
c
The frequency of exclusivity of breastfeeding before infection is not clear among these studies.
d
There were 35 cases where authors clearly stated not breastfeeding, in 16 cases, authors advised not to breastfed, and 30 newborns were isolated at birth.
e
Among the cases with not reported feeding practices, there were 46 positive and 1 negative cases <1‐year‐old. There were 15 positive and 2 negative cases >1‐ to 2‐year‐old.