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The kdr mutations (red lines) and primers (arrows) are indicated in the partial genomic region encoding Voltage-gated Sodium Channel (VGSC). Primer AaSCF1 and AaSCR4 were used to amplify VGSC domain II, meanwhile primers AaSCF7 and AaSCR7 for domain III. The four kdr mutations of S989P, A1007G (a new novel mutation), V1016G dan F1534C were found in the Selangor, Malaysia strain marked by red asterisks.
