. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 18.

Published in final edited form as: IEEE Internet Things J. 2019 Oct 9;7(1):53–71. doi: 10.1109/jiot.2019.2946359

TABLE I.

A list of commonly used sensors in various clinical HIoT applications. The qualities listed under ‘characteristics’ are relative. For example, for activity detection applications, RF-based sensing typically yields lower accuracy than wearables. Hence, it includes the ‘low accuracy’ attribute. This should not imply that RF accuracy is not practical.

Application	Sensor	Characteristics
Activity Detection	Wearable & Environment IMU	✓ Inexpensive X Obtrusive

	RF	✓ Unobtrusive X Low Accuracy

	Camera	✓ Easy-to-Setup X LoS Limitation X Privacy Concerns

Respiration Detection	Accelerometer & Piezoelectric Materials	✓ Low Power ✓ Accurate X Obtrusive

	Camera	✓ Inexpensive X Low Accuracy X Noise Sensitivity

Heartbeat Monitoring	Wearable ECG Electrodes	✓ No Skin Contact X Low Accuracy

	Accelerometers (BCG)	✓ Inexpensive X Noise Sensitivity

	Accelerometer, Fiber Optics, & Microphone (PCG)	✓ Unobtrusive X Noise Sensitivity

	Pulse Oximeter	✓ Versatile X Obtrusive

Blood Pressure Monitoring	In-Vivo	✓ Unobtrusive X Invasive

	PWV and PTT Sensors	✓ Non-Invasive X Noise Sensitivity

Blood Glucose Monitoring	Electro-Chemical Sensors	✓ Accurate X Invasive

	Optical Sensors	✓ Non-Invasive X Low Accuracy