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. 2021 Mar 10;11:5600. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85099-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Monitoring therapeutic responses to first-line immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) were estimated in patients before and after 4–6 weeks of first-line ICB treatment. ICB agents and therapeutic responses are described at the top of the graph for each patient. The therapeutic responsiveness was determined after 3 months of treatment based on abdomen-pelvis and chest CT scans. (a) Two patients were classified as showing partial response (PR). (b) One patient was classified as showing progressive disease (PD) according to the iRECIST criteria.