Table 4.

The impacts of the coronavirus on various stages of the poultry supply chain (extracted by using content analysis).

Label	Category/concept (coronavirus impacts)	Frequency (reference)	%
	Stage of input supply (IS)
IS1	Increasing the import restrictions on raw materials due to the increase in the controlling the ports and borders	18	1.533
IS2	Increasing the export restrictions on inputs (raw materials)	4	0.341
IS3	An abrupt rise in the prices of inputs in the global and domestic markets	5	0.426
IS4	Increasing the supply restrictions on foreign currency for imports of inputs	4	0.341
IS5	A limited supply of the inputs due to the storing propensity and the expectation of scarcity in some specific materials and goods	29	2.470
IS6	A limited supply of the inputs due to extending temporary holidays for input supply-related businesses	27	2.300
IS7	Delay in the supply of inputs because of the transportation restrictions	28	2.385
IS8	Reducing hatchery production (obtaining chicks from fertile eggs) because of the market volatility	29	2.470
IS9	Rising the prices of day-old chick and other inputs, such as feed	28	2.385
IS10	Reducing the raising of chicks to produce fertile eggs for hatching (breeder)	18	1.533
IS11	Rising the prices of disinfectants and drugs	17	1.448
IS12	Reducing labor supply and rising wages due to social distancing and work remotely	4	0.341
	Production and processing stage (PS)
PS1	Increasing the losses of the broiler producer because of the investment failure in capturing the target markets	41	3.492
PS2	Planning and investment restrictions on production process due to the unpredictability of the coronavirus crisis	40	3.407
PS3	Operation restrictions on poultry (broiler) farms due to the closure of most related businesses and the necessity to implement and respect health and safety protocols	36	3.066
PS4	Decreasing the production of poultry meat because of the input shortages	44	3.748
PS5	Closure of traditional broiler farms due to the restrictive health and safety protocols	26	2.215
PS6	Restricting the activity of non-mechanized slaughterhouses to enhance the health and safety of products	22	1.874
PS7	Reducing the use of slaughterhouses' capacity due to the decreased production	5	0.426
PS8	Reducing the expected activities of the slaughterhouses due to a drop in poultry production and its price	7	0.596
	Distribution and selling stage (DS)
DS1	Disruption in distribution network due to transportation restrictions and market demand changes	25	2.129
DS2	Increasing the transportation costs	17	1.448
DS3	Slump in the price of poultry meat due to the decreased demand	27	2.300
DS4	Increasing the product's (poultry meat) waste due to disruption in the distribution network	5	0.426
	Consumption stage (CS)
CS1	Decreasing demand for poultry meat because of the animal origins of the coronavirus	16	1.363
CS2	Decreasing demand for poultry meat because of media advertisements about the sensitivity of health and safety protocols	7	0.596
CS3	Decreasing demand for poultry meat because of traditional medicine recommendations concerning the necessity of reducing meat consumption due to its cold nature	6	0.511
CS4	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to the closure of restaurants and hotels	45	3.833
CS5	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to travel restrictions and the necessity to stay home	46	3.918
CS6	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to consumers' distrust to respecting health and safety protocols in the production process	19	1.618
CS7	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to the rising unemployment rate and reducing consumer purchasing power	6	0.511
CS8	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to some practices such as self-quarantine and avoiding the face-to-face purchases	40	3.407
CS9	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to spreading the rumors and misinformation	7	0.596
CS10	Decreasing demand for poultry meat due to changing pattern of the household income allocation (allocation of a major part of the income to purchase health care goods)	29	2.470
CS11	Increasing the tendency to purchase the frozen poultry meat packaged before the coronavirus outbreak	36	3.066
	Export stage (ES)
ES1	Decreasing the export of poultry meat due to the necessity to implement and respect health and safety protocols	25	2.215
ES2	Decreasing the export of poultry meat due to the restrictions imposed on the ports and borders	26	2.215
	Governance of supply chain (GS)
GS1	Reducing the focus on establishing an e-platform for buying and selling poultry meat during the quarantine period	44	3.748
GS2	Impossibility to assess the market demand and to stabilize the price of poultry meat due to different waves of the coronavirus outbreak	41	3.492
GS3	Reducing the government support for storage and processing of poultry meat surplus	40	3.407
GS4	Failure of the government and poultry supply chain actors to achieve the market equilibrium	33	2.811
GS5	Failure of the government to achieve macro-goals of the meat production due to lack of accurate vision during the coronavirus crisis	11	0.937
GS6	Increasing the instability of the poultry supply chain due to developing the cross-sectional plans (such as paying cash subsidies instead of non-cash subsidies to the households affected by the coronavirus)	10	0.852
GS7	Decreasing the government's focus on the national broadcasting system to provide required health advice for the consumption of poultry meat	9	0.767
GS8	Impossibility to re-open up different parties of the poultry supply chain at the same time due to the necessity to respect health and safety protocols	45	3.833
GS9	Incapability of the government to support various stages of the poultry supply chain affected by the ongoing pandemic	42	3.578
GS10	Incapability of the government to reestablish the import and export links of the poultry supply chain due to the global outbreak of the coronavirus	11	0.937
GS11	Increasing the restrictions on information flow in the poultry supply chain	31	2.641
GS12	Increasing the restrictions on the flow of material and financial resources in the poultry supply chain	36	3.066
	Total	1174	100