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. 2021 Mar 15;11:5931. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85046-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of bacterial metabolism of glucose on host C. elegans gene expression. (a) Fluorescent imaging of transgenic C. elegans gst-4::gfp, sod-3::gfp, or glod-4::gfp, after 6 days consuming either 0% control, 0.4% glucose, 0.4% 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG), 50 mM carnosine, or 0.4% glucose + 50 mM carnosine fed E. coli for 6 days. See methods for complete genotype of transgenic C. elegans. (b) Fluorescence quantification of animals in (a): transgenic C. elegans gst-4::gfp, sod-3::gfp, or glod-4::gfp, consuming either 0% control, 0.4% glucose, 0.4% 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG), 50 mM carnosine, or 0.4% glucose + 50 mM carnosine, fed E. coli for 6 days, N = 336. (c) RTqPCR of wild type C. elegans consuming either 0% control or 0.4% glucose fed E. coli for 6 days. Statistical analysis of histograms compared C. elegans consuming 0% control with C. elegans consuming 0.4% glucose fed E. coli at the same time point using an unpaired two-tailed t test with GraphPad Prism 8.0 (https://www.graphpad.com). Symbols as follows: (ns = not significant, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.005, ***P ≤ 0.001). Data shown is a compilation from at least 3 biological replicates.