Table 3.

Results from mixed models evaluating effects of wear time on urinary concentrations of permethrin exposure biomarkers

	LN(3-PBA)β (p- value)	LN(ΣDCCA)β (p- value)
Model 1 (expeditionary conditions—33 h consecutive; comparing heat (Group 1) to ambient (Group 3) conditions)
Group 1	1.267 (<0.0001)	0.550 (<0.0001)
Group 3	Reference	Reference
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.008 (<0.0001)	0.007 (<0.0001)
% Body fat	0.0004 (0.974)	0.005 (0.602)
Model 2 (Garrison conditions—8 h/day over 3 days; comparing heat (Group 2) to ambient (Group 4) conditions)
Group 2	0.654 (0.0003)	0.474 (0.001)
Group 4	Reference	Reference
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.010 (<0.0001)	0.009 (<0.0001)
% Body fat	0.002 (0.913)	−0.027 (0.121)
Model 3 (in heat conditions; comparing 33 h consecutive (Group 1) 8 h/day over 3 days (Group 2) wear-time durations)
Group 1	0.437 (0.0002)	0.275 (< 0.0001)
Group 2	Reference	Reference
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.010 (<0.0001)	0.008 (< 0.0001)
% Body fat	0.049 (0.0009)	0.050 (< 0.0001)
Model 4 (in ambient conditions; comparing 33 h consecutive (Group 3) 8 h/day over 3 days (Group 4) wear-time durations)
Group 3	0.083 (0.568)	−0.020 (0.852)
Group 4	Reference	Reference
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.009 (<0.0001)	0.007 (<0.0001)
% Body fat	−0.013 (0.405)	−0.010 (0.383)
Smoker	0.116 (0.431)	0.154 (0.187)
Non-smoker	Reference	Reference

Groups 1 and 3 (operational/expeditionary: 33 h continuous uniform wear):

Group 1: in simulated hot environment (35 °C, 40% rh)

Group 3: in comparison, ambient environment (average conditions 3 °C, 80% rh)

Groups 2 and 4 (garrison: 3 day, 8 h/day uniform wear)

Group 2: in simulated hot environment (35 °C, 40% rh)

Group 4: in comparison, ambient environment (average conditions 13 °C, 60% rh)

LN natural log, β beta coefficient, 3-PBA 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, ΣDCCA sum of cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid