Figure 2.

Metabolic drugs increase IFN-γ-mediated macrophage re-polarization. BM-M were polarized with IL-4 (20 ng/ml, 24 h), washed and treated with PerHx (5 µM) or VLX (10 µM) and after 1 h IFN-γ (20 ng/ml) was added for another 24 h. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and the supernatants were collected to assess NO production and cytokine secretion. A, iNOS and Arg1 expression. Left, representative dot plots; right, percentages of iNOS+ and Arg1+ macrophages (n = 5). B, NO production as determined by Griess reaction (n = 3). C, cytokines secreted in supernatants (cytokine beads array) (n = 3). Bars represent the mean ± SEM of 3–5 experiments, analyzed by paired one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test (p values: * = p < .05, ** = p < .01 and *** = p < .001)