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. 2020 Sep 1;1:207–218. doi: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2020.07.005

Table II.

Types of macrophages involved in vascular remodeling

Cell surface and intracellular markers Secreted cytokines Main functions
M159, 60, 61, 62, 63 CD68, iNOS, STAT1, IFN-γ receptor TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1 Proinflammation
M2a20, 21, 22, 23,67 CD68, CD206, TGM2, Arginase 1, STAT6 IL-10, TGF-β Anti-inflammation
Wound healing
M2b20, 21, 22, 23 CD68, IL-4 receptor IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α Immunoregulation
M2c20, 21, 22, 23,67 CD68, CD206, CCR2, Arginase 1 IL-10, TGF-β Immunosuppression
Tissue remodeling
M2d20, 21, 22, 23 CD68, iNOS IL-10, VEGF Angiogenesis

CCR, Chemokine receptor; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; M1, M1-type macrophages; M2, M2-type macrophages; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TGM, transglutaminase; TLR, toll like receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.