Table III.
Effector cytokines secreted by T cells and macrophages during vascular remodeling
| Effects on vascular wall | M1 | M2 | CTL | Th1 | Th2 | Treg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1 | Outward remodeling37 Vein graft wall adaptation38 |
++ | + | + | + | + | - |
| IL-10 | Maintenance of normal vasculature12,36,39 | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ |
| TNF-α | Endothelial barrier dysfunction71 Increase vein graft neointimal hyperplasia (TNFR-1)72 Reduce vein graft neointimal hyperplasia (TNFR-2)73 |
++ | - | + | + | - | - |
| TGF-β | Promote SMC proliferation74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Promotes neointimal hyperplasia79 |
- | ++ | - | - | - | ++ |
CTL, Cytotoxic T cells; IL, interleukin; M1, M1-type macrophages; M2, M2-type macrophages; SMC, smooth muscle cell; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; Th1, T helper-1 cells; Th2, T helper-2 cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; Treg, regulatory T-cells.