Table 6.
Between-group differences in connectivity following treatment
| Brain Region | Cluster Size (No. of Voxels) | Voxel (x, y, z) | Direction of Change (PENFS vs Control) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lobule VII of cerebellum (R) | 203 | 44, –50, –42 | Increased |
| Lobule VII of cerebellum (L) | 200 | –38, –60, –52 | Increased |
| Inferior frontal gyrus (L) | 197 | –58, 26, 8 | Increased |
| Superior frontal sulcus (R) | 188 | 24, 14, 42 | Increased |
| Middle temporal gyrus (R) | 164 | 58, 0, –28 | Increased |
| Putamen (L) | 150 | –28, 8, 8 | Increased |
| Superior frontal gyrus (L) | 115 | –28, 68, 6 | Increased |
| Anterior cingulate (L) | 108 | –18, 44, –2 | Increased |
| Brain stem (L) | 77 | –6, –32, –6 | Increased |
| Inferior parietal lobule (R) | 42 | 56, –42, 56 | Decreased |
PENFS = percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation; R = right; L = left.
These connectivity measures are the result of a difference of differences (post-treatment vs pretreatment for PENFS minus post-treatment vs pretreatment for standard therapy control). Coordinates are reported in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space (mm), and regions are grouped according to the cluster to which they belong. All regions were located based on connectivity to the right posterior insula seed (P=0.05).