Fig 2. Opioid overdose identified by decile risk subgroup in the validation sample (n = 79,086) using gradient boosting machine: Integrated vs. Medicaid claim only models ^a.

^a: Based on the individual’s predicted probability of an opioid overdose (fatal/nonfatal) event, we classified beneficiaries in the validation sample into decile risk subgroups, with the highest decile further split into 3 additional strata based on the top 1^st, 2^nd to 5^th, and 6^th to 10^th percentiles to allow closer examination of patients at highest risk of developing overdose.