Table 3. Multilevel logistic regression analysis of both individual and community-level factors associated with contraceptive utilization in East Africa countries from 2008 to 2017.
| Individual and community-level variables | Models | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
| AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| 15–24 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–34 | 0.77(0.74,0.80) | 0.79(0.76,0.82)* | ||
| 35–49 | 0.49(0.47,0.52) | 0.49(0.46,0.51)** | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 0.80(0.77,0.82) | 0.85(0.82,0.88)** | ||
| Maternal education | ||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 1.72(1.67,1.78) | 1.48(1.43,1.54)* | ||
| Secondary and above | 1.93(1.84,2.02) | 1.60(1.52,1.69)** | ||
| Husband education | ||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 2.81(2.72,2.90) | 2.43(2.35,2.51)*** | ||
| Secondary and above | 3.77(3.62,3.93) | 2.92(2.76,3.05)*** | ||
| Maternal occupation | ||||
| Had no occupation | 1 | 1 | ||
| Had occupation | 2.62(2.54,2.69) | 2.11(1.23,1.33)** | ||
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 1.19(1.14,1.23) | 1.23(1.19,1.28)* | ||
| Rich | 1.20(1.15,1.24) | 1.28(1.23,1.33)* | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–4 | 1.10(1.05,1.15) | 1.13(1.08,1.18)* | ||
| 5+ | 1.13(1.07,1.20) | 1.13(1.07,1.20)* | ||
| ANC visit | ||||
| No ANC visit | 1 | 1 | ||
| Had ANC visit | 1.00(0.97,1.04) | 0.96(0.93,1.01) | ||
| Health facility delivery | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.48(1.44,1.53) | 1.36(1.31,1.41)* | ||
| Postnatal care utilization | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.89(1.82,1.95) | 1.93(1.86,2.01)** | ||
| Accessing health Care | ||||
| Big problem | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not big problem | 0.63(0.61,0.65) | 0.94(0.92,1.02) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.65(0.63,0.68) | 0.93(0.89,1.03) | ||
| Country | ||||
| Burundi | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ethiopia | 0.54(0.51,0.57) | 1.11(1.04,1.19)* | ||
| Kenya | 0.22(0.21,0.23) | 0.37(0.35,0.40)* | ||
| Comoros | 0.22(0.20,0.24) | 0.26(0.24,0.29)* | ||
| Malawi | 4.82(4.50,5.15) | 3.58(3.34,3.85)* | ||
| Mozambique | 0.63(0.59,0.66) | 0.53(0.50,0.57)* | ||
| Rwanda | 3.56(3.29,3.87) | 2.62(2.41,2.85)* | ||
| Tanzania | 1.34(1.26,1.42) | 1.10(1.03,1.18)* | ||
| Uganda | 1.90(1.79,2.01) | 1.42(1.33,1.51)* | ||
| Zambia | 3.24(3.03,3.46) | 2.71(2.52,2.92)* | ||
| Zimbabwe | 5.62(5.05,6.26) | 3.55(3.16,3.99)* | ||
| Random effects | ||||
| Community variance(SE) | 0.82(0.02) | 0.46(0.015) | 0.44(0.014) | 0.34(0.011) |
| ICC% | 18.15% | 6.20% | 5.6% | 3.4% |
| PCV% | 1 | 43.54% | 48.23% | 60% |
| MOR | 2.36(2.35,2.45) | 1.90(1.86,1.94) | 1.87(1.83,1.91) | 1.74(1.69,1.76) |
| Model comparison | ||||
| Multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis model | ||||
| AIC | 165,103 | 139,458 | 143,906 | 129,870 |
| BIC | 165,122 | 139,635 | 144,044 | 130,166 |
| Log-likelihood ratio | -82549 | -69711 | -71939 | -64905 |
| Deviance | 165,098 | 139,422 | 143,878 | 129,810 |
NB:
* = significant at P-value < 0.05.
** = significant at P-value <0.01.
*** = significant at P-value <0.001.