Table 4. Estimated effects of explanatory variables on the gender role attitudes from linear fixed-effects models.

Indicators	Boys aged 10–14 at wave 1	Boys aged 15–19 at wave 1	Girls aged 10–14 at wave 1	Girls aged 15–19 at wave 1
Age	0.14***	-0.03#	0.19***	0.08***
	(0.08–0.20)	(-0.06–0.01)	(0.14–0.24)	(0.05–0.10)
Education	0.02	0.06**	-0.02	0.03*
	(-0.04–0.08)	(0.02–0.10)	(-0.08–0.03)	(0.003–0.06)
Engagement in paid work	-0.005	0.10*	0.09	0.02
	(-0.15–0.14)	(0.002–0.17)	(-0.07–0.26)	(-0.04–0.09)
Aspirations	0.09	-0.02	0.16**	0.16***
	(-0.04–0.22)	(-0.12–0.09)	(0.04–0.28)	(0.10–0.22)
Parent-adolescent communication	0.08	-0.02	0.41***	0.07*
	(-0.07–0.17)	(-0.11–0.07)	(0.24–0.58)	(0.001–0.13)
Gender discriminatory practices at home	-0.17#	-0.08	-0.11#	-0.03
	(-0.37- -0.03)	(-0.23–0.08)	(-0.29- -0.06)	(-0.06–0.12)
Household wealth	0.004	-0.001	0.003	0.001
	(-0.005–0.01)	(-0.007–0.006)	(-0.01–0.01)	(-0.002–0.01)
Peer network size	0.05	-0.01	0.07	0.02
	(-0.08–0.20)	(0.09–0.07)	(-0.04–0.18)	(-0.04–0.07)
Role models	0.07	0.10*	0.11#	0.03
	(-0.03–0.17)	(0.01–0.17)	(-0.01–0.22)	(-0.03–0.08)
Group membership	-0.26*	-0.11	-0.16	0.01
	(-0.48- -0.03)	(-0.25–0.03)	(-0.47–0.14)	(-0.12–0.13)
Political participation	0.15	-0.02	-0.17	-0.06
	(-0.05–0.35)	(-0.10–0.07)	(-0.50–0.15)	(-0.16–0.04)
Participation in adolescent programs	-0.02	0.05	0.23***	0.12***
	(-0.13–0.10)	(-0.06–0.16)	(0.11–0.34)	(0.06–0.19)
Interaction with frontline workers	0.01	-0.10	0.16*	0.04
	(-0.16–0.18)	(-0.27–0.07)	(0.01–0.31)	(-0.03–0.11)
Use of digital media	-0.05	0.20***	0.13#	0.12***
	(-0.19–0.08)	(0.10–0.30)	(-0.02–0.28)	(0.06–0.19)
F-stat	15.18***	3.36***	24.55***	26.36***
F-test for individual effects	1.43***	1.55***	1.36***	1.50***
Rho	0.45	0.46	0.44	0.47
Hausman test: Chi-square	76.32***	109.77***	55.98***	211.73***
N	1712	2716	1439	6168

Note: Values in the parentheses show confidence intervals

*** p <0.001

** p<0.01

* p <0.05

# p<0.10.