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. 2021 Mar 18;19:69. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01939-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — IVW Mendelian randomization estimates and age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted multivariable regression estimates for the associations between insomnia symptoms and 113 NMR-derived metabolomic measures. Results are expressed as the difference in mean metabolite concentrations (in standard deviation units) between those reporting usually versus sometimes/rarely/never experiencing insomnia symptoms. Abbreviations: AMV, adjusted (age, sex, BMI) multivariable regression; BMI, body mass index; IDL, intermediate density lipoprotein; IVW MR, Inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; VLDL, very large density lipoprotein