Fig. 8.

Comparison of the point estimates of the IVW Mendelian randomization and age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted multivariable regression analyses for the associations between chronotype and 113 NMR-derived metabolomic measures. Each green dot in the scatter plot represents a metabolic trait and the positions of the dots are determined by the differences in mean metabolite concentrations (in standard deviation units) comparing those reporting an evening preference versus morning preference. These are estimated by Inverse variance weighted (IVW) Mendelian randomization (vertical axes) and age, sex, and BMI adjusted multivariable regression (horizontal axes). The vertical grey lines for each dot indicate the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the Mendelian randomization estimates and the horizontal grey lines for each dot indicate the 95% CI for the adjusted multivariable regression estimates. A linear fit (red dashed line) summarizes the similarity between the two estimates. A slope of 1 with an intercept of 0 (dashed grey line), with all green dots sitting on that line (R² = 1), would indicate identical magnitude and direction between the two methods. R² indicates goodness of linear fit and is a measure of the consistency between the two estimates. Abbreviations: AMV, adjusted (age, sex, BMI) multivariable regression; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; IVW MR, inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization, SD, standard deviation