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. 2021 Mar 18;19:69. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01939-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — Mendelian randomization and age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted multivariable regression analyses results for selected associations of chronotype with NMR-derived metabolomic measures. Figure shows inverse variance weighted (IVW) Mendelian randomization, Mendelian randomization sensitivity (weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger), and adjusted multivariable (AMV) regression analysis results. Results presented were selected on the basis of passing multiple testing threshold for either IVW or AMV (p values < 0.0029). The estimates are the difference in mean metabolite (in standard deviation units) comparing report of having an evening versus morning preference. Abbreviations: AMV, adjusted (age, sex, BMI) multivariable regression; BMI, body mass index; IVW MR, inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; SD, standard deviation; WM, weighted median