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. 2021 Mar 18;11(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13705-021-00280-x

Table 3.

Integrated understanding of trust and suspicion, simplified and adjusted for the purpose of this paper after Lewicki et al. [155]

Low levels of suspicion High levels of suspicion
High levels of trust

Trust by normative congruence

Poor incentive for monitoring and control

Prone to emotional and ideological manipulation

Trust by verification

High incentive for continuous monitoring and control

Possibly prone to data manipulation, unless data quality is also monitored and controlled

Low levels of trust

Limited interdependence

Poor incentive for monitoring and control

Harmful motives assumed and potential paranoia and conspiracy theories

Monitoring and control is disbelieved

Believe in ideology or “pathos” and “ethos” and disbelieve in data or “logos” is common

Prone to emotional and ideological manipulation