Table 5.

Typology of online participation along three dimensions: participation (participation / non-participation, activity (active / passive), and attitude (positive / negative)

	Participation		Non-participation
	Active	Passive	Active	Passive
Positive	Constructive engagement engaging audiences online for a purpose commonly accepted as beneficial	Incidental contribution moved to engage by others without any genuine intention but in a beneficial way	Abstention refrain from an activity to further a cause considered socially desirable	Lack of awareness or motivation no awareness of any need to engage in an activity
Negative	Destructive engagement engaging for a purpose widely considered harmful or undesirable	Involuntary imposition drawn into forms of participation deemed detrimental	Silencing, self-censoring refrain from online engagement due to perceived pressure or threats	Exclusion exclusion from participating despite the potential usefulness of participation

From Lutz and Hoffmann [175]