Table 2.
Emergency department management of patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage.
| Variables | All patients (N = 259) | AKI during hospital stay (N = 71) | No AKI (N = 188) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of interventions, median [IQR] | 3 [1–4] | 3 [1–5] | 3 [2–4] | 0.64 |
| Total amount of IVF (mL), mean (SD) | 258 (549) | 266 (647) | 238 (485) | 0.74 |
| ED mechanical ventilation, N (%) | 143 (55) | 42 (59) | 101 (54) | 0.43 |
| Any sedation, N (%) | 102 (39) | 32 (45) | 70 (37) | 0.25 |
| Propofol infusion, N (%) | 66 (25) | 23 (32) | 43 (23) | 0.12 |
| IVP benzodiazepines, N (%) | 43 (17) | 15 (21) | 28 (15) | 0.23 |
| Any paralytics, N (%) | 55 (21) | 17 (24) | 38 (20) | 0.51 |
| Succinylcholine, N (%) | 23 (9) | 6 (8) | 17 (9) | 0.88 |
| Rocuronium, N (%) | 32 (12) | 11 (15) | 21 (11) | 0.35 |
| Any pain medication, N (%) | 82 (32) | 20 (28) | 62 (33) | 0.46 |
| Fentanyl infusion, N (%) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (2) | 0.99 |
| IVP morphine equivalent (unit), mean (SD) | 3 (5) | 2 (4) | 3 (5) | 0.11 |
| Any hyperosmolarity therapy, N (%) | 41 (16) | 13 (18) | 28 (15) | 0.50 |
| Any antihypertensive medication, N (%) | 131 (51) | 40 (56) | 91 (48) | 0.26 |
| IVP labetalol, N (%) | 68 (26) | 22 (31) | 46 (24) | 0.29 |
| Nicardipine infusion, N (%) | 70 (27) | 22 (31) | 48 (26) | 0.38 |
| Any blood product, N (%) | 10 (4) | 5 (7) | 5 (3) | 0.14 |
| Platelet, N (%) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.47 |
| Fresh frozen plasma, N (%) | 8 (3) | 4 (6) | 4 (2) | 0.22 |
| Packed RBCs, N (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Any arterial line monitoring, N (%) | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | 4 (2) | 0.99 |
AKI, acute kidney injury; ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; IVF, intravenous fluid; IVP, intravenous push; mL, milliliter; N/A, not applicable; RBCs, red blood cells; SD, standard deviation.