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. 2021 Mar 19;52(6):582–594. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.03.002

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Explicit the probable combined/ synergistic effect of probiotics with vitamin D in COVID-19. Probiotic secreting lactic acid will lower the intestinal pH, thereby increasing the absorption of vitamin D and consequently improves its levels. Certain probiotics enhances the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein and its transcriptional activity, subsequently increasing the expression of cathelicidin. Moreover, probiotics also increases the number of paneth cells, thereby enhancing the levels and expression of defensins.