Table 2.
Characteristics, baseline laboratory indices, and clinical observational indices of patients with or without T2DM in COVID-19 cases.
| Normal range | No. of patients tested | All patients (N = 407) | Non-diabetes (N = 357) | T2DM (N = 50) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | – | 407 | 48.0 (36.0–58.0) | 47.0 (35.0–57.0) | 56.0 (45.8–64.2) | <0.001 |
| Male (n, %) | – | 407 | 195 (47.9) | 166 (46.5) | 29 (54.0) | 0.365 |
| BMI | 18.5–25.0 kg/m2 | 207 | 23.80 (22.04–25.82) | 23.51 (22.04–25.51) | 25.56 (22.68–26.92) | 0.040 |
| Comorbidities (n, %) | ||||||
| Hypertension | – | 407 | 65 (16.0) | 47 (13.2) | 18 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | – | 407 | 21 (5.2) | 15 (4.2) | 6 (12.0) | 0.032 |
| Chronic kidney disease | – | 407 | 18 (4.4) | 1 (0.3) | 17 (34.0) | <0.001 |
| Severity categories (n, %) | – | 407 | – | – | – | <0.001 |
| Mild | – | – | 18 (4.4) | 15 (4.2) | 3 (6.0) | – |
| Moderate | – | – | 328 (80.6) | 301 (84.0) | 27 (54.0)* | – |
| Severe | – | – | 20 (4.9) | 16 (4.5) | 4 (8.0) | – |
| Critical | – | – | 41 (10.1) | 25 (7.0) | 16 (32.0)* | – |
| Baseline laboratory indices and CT score | ||||||
| Blood glucose | 3.60–11.10 mmol/L | 344 | 5.21 (4.80–5.94) | 5.09 (4.76–5.55) | 9.66 (6.94–12.24) | <0.001 |
| White blood cells | 3.50–9.50 ∗ 109/L | 366 | 4.75 (3.76–6.04) | 4.53 (3.71–5.87) | 5.81 (4.63–6.49) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes | 1.10–3.20 ∗ 109/L | 359 | 1.26 (0.98–1.67) | 1.27 (0.99–1.67) | 1.25 (0.87–1.68) | 0.266 |
| Lymphocytes % | 20.0–50.0% | 369 | 28.2 (20.5–35.9) | 29.40 (21.70–36.30) | 23.00 (15.15–30.40) | 0.001 |
| Monocytes | 0.12–1.20 ∗ 109/L | 351 | 0.42 (0.30–0.53) | 0.42 (0.30–0.53) | 0.37 (0.29–0.52) | 0.617 |
| Monocytes % | 3.0–12.0% | 351 | 8.60 (6.40–10.80) | 8.80 (6.60–11.10) | 7.45 (5.33–9.63) | 0.002 |
| Neutrophils | 1.80–6.30 ∗ 109/L | 351 | 2.70 (2.10–4.09) | 2.89 (2.01–3.79) | 3.96 (2.64–5.15) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils % | 40.0–75.0% | 352 | 61.40 (52.30–69.18) | 60.20 (51.20–68.30) | 67.30 (56.10–76.70) | <0.001 |
| ALT | 9.00–50.00 IU/L | 372 | 20.00 (14.00–29.98) | 19.00 (14.00–29.65) | 22.32 (16.25–31.95) | 0.119 |
| AST | 15.00–40.00 IU/L | 370 | 23.24 (18.82–31.62) | 23.00 (18.96–31.00) | 25.90 (16.25–33.36) | 0.607 |
| r-GGT | 10.00–60.00 IU/L | 370 | 24.06 (16.24–41.00) | 23.00 (16.00–38.00) | 38.13 (22.01–62.06) | <0.001 |
| BUN | 3.60–9.50 mmol/L | 367 | 4.10 (3.20–5.10) | 4.06 (3.20–4.91) | 5.15 (3.81–6.31) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine | 57.00–97.00 μmol/L | 369 | 60.90 (50.40–75.20) | 60.50 (50.60–73.89) | 65.00 (49.12–86.50) | 0.244 |
| Urea | 155.00–357.00 μmol/L | 332 | 269.50 (215.40–331.00) | 266.00 (213.60–325.00) | 312.00 (243.42–358.00) | 0.016 |
| CK | 40.00–200.00 U/L | 321 | 66.00 (45.00–106.00) | 65.46 (45.00–103.03) | 69.35 (40.25–133.00) | 0.345 |
| CK-MB | 0.00–25.00 U/L | 309 | 9.00 (5.18–14.00) | 9.00 (6.00–13.48) | 9.00 (4.61–17.00) | 0.920 |
| LDH | 120.00–250.00 U/L | 313 | 215.40 (180.00–270.40) | 212.35 (179.80–269.85) | 231.40 (186.30–321.00) | 0.168 |
| MYO | 0–154.90 ng/mL | 139 | 30.00 (11.90–34.40) | 28.35 (11.29–33.10) | 30.00 (13.56–45.77) | 0.252 |
| BNP | 0–100.00 pg/mL | 45 | 115.00 (54.80–229.80) | 107.50 (53.28–222.55) | 173.00 (131.00–1521.00) | 0.079 |
| CRP | 0–8.00 mg/L | 345 | 10.60 (4.47–29.35) | 9.71 (4.20–24.50) | 29.29 (5.00–50.30) | 0.007 |
| ESR | 0–15.00 mm/h | 300 | 20.50 (12.00–38.00) | 20.00 (12.00–34.00) | 39.00 (18.25–70.25) | <0.001 |
| PCT | <0.10 ng/mL | 238 | 0.10 (0.05–0.17) | 0.09 (0.05–0.17) | 0.10 (0.05–0.20) | 0.507 |
| D-dimer | 0–0.55 μg/mL | 337 | 0.20 (0.07–0.36) | 0.20 (0.09–0.35) | 0.14 (0.03–0.40) | 0.610 |
| Baseline CT score | 0–4 | 401 | 4.0 (4.0–4.0) | 4.0 (4.0–4.0) | 4.0 (4.0–4.0) | 0.910 |
| COVID-19 treatment protocols | ||||||
| Corticosteroid (n, %) | – | 394 | 93 (23.6) | 72 (20.9) | 21 (42.0) | 0.002 |
| Antivirals (n, %) | – | 397 | 368 (92.7) | 325 (93.7) | 43 (86.0) | 0.074 |
| Antibiotics (n, %) | – | 394 | 315 (79.9) | 277 (80.3) | 38 (77.6) | 0.703 |
| Clinical observational indices | ||||||
| Fever days (≥37.3 °C) | – | 256 | 2.0 (0–4.0) | 2.0 (0–4.0) | 2.0 (0–6.0) | 0.144 |
| Hospital LOS | – | 407 | 19.0 (13.0–25.0) | 19.0 (13.0–25.0) | 21.0 (15.0–29.3) | 0.094 |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| Mortality (n, %) | – | 407 | 13 (3.2) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (12.0) | 0.002 |
| Poor prognosis (n, %) | ||||||
| ICU admission | – | 407 | 27 (6.6) | 12 (3.4) | 15 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation | – | 407 | 15 (3.7) | 6 (1.7) | 9 (18.0) | <0.001 |
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; BMI, body mass index; CT, computed tomography; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; r-GGT, r-gamma-glutamyl-transferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CK, creatine kinase, CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band, MYO, myoglobin; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PCT, procalcitonin; LOS, length of stay; ICU, intensive care unit. Data were n (%) or median (IQR). P-values were shown as χ2 test or Fisher's Exact Test (*: significant difference in multiple comparisons, corrected by Bonferroni) or Mann–Whitney U test. P < 0.05 was considered significant (bolded) between non-diabetes vs. T2DM.